temperature on the activity of liver

temperature on the movement of liver Presentation: Catalase is a typical catalyst found in living and it goes about as a defensive system for fragile biochemical hardware of cells. The compound catalyzes the exothermic decay of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. 2 H2O2 â†' 2 H2O + O2 Hydrogen Peroxide is a result delivered by many living beings during the procedure of digestion. Hydrogen Peroxide is a harmful substance (a force oxidizing specialist) to cells and must be separated so as to shield the cells from ensuing harm. Point: The point of the trial is to explore the impact of differing temperature has on the pace of protein catalyzed response. The engaged response is the decay of hydrogen peroxide with the protein catalyze. The nearness of catalase can be exhibited by dropping a little bit of new liver tissue into weaken hydrogen peroxide arrangement. In this analysis, bits of liver tissue will be placed into various temperatures of water for 5 minutes. After that the liver tissues will be set into discrete arrangements of hydrogen peroxide and the measure of oxygen gas created in brief will be estimated utilizing a gas syringe. Theory: Temperature is an estimation of the level of hotness or frigidity of a body or condition. All the more explicitly, it is a proportion of dynamic vitality in an example of issue. On a sub-atomic level, temperature is the consequence of movement of particles which make up a substance. As the temperature builds, the movement additionally increments. The movement might be because of outside vitality applied to the molecule of inward vitality from the vibration of the molecule. As temperature is expanded, atoms have expanded dynamic vitality and responses among them and the likelihood that the particles will slam into one another will likewise be more noteworthy, this expanding the pace of response. In substance responses, for each 10 °C ascent in temperature, the pace of response roughly duplicates. This property is known as the temperature coefficient of a compound response. Anyway in a catalyst catalyzed response the impact of temperature is increasingly intricate, for proteins chang e shape by heat. There are numerous variables that can influence the structure of a protein, for example, temperature and ph. At the point when a protein is presented to warm, it makes the iotas vibrate fiercely, breaking and upsetting securities inside the protein, accordingly changing the substance attributes of the protein. I estimate that as the temperature of the water shower that the liver tissue is uncovered builds; the measure of oxygen gas freed will likewise increment up. I accept that there will be an ideal temperature for the protein and going pass the ideal level will cause an extraordinary decline in compound action (less oxygen gas will be created). Since catalase is found in practically all living things, including people, I anticipate that the ideal temperature for catalase will be Factors: Autonomous Variable Temperature of water shower liver tissue is put In ( °C) Dependant Variable Volume of oxygen created in a moment (ml/min) Controlled Variable Centralization of the Hydrogen Peroxide Volume of Hydrogen Peroxide Mass of liver tissue The centralization of hydrogen peroxide must be kept consistent in light of the fact that as indicated by the Collision Theory proposed by Max Trautz and William Lewis in 1916 and 1918, expanding the focus, builds the odds of particles hitting one another. The volume of hydrogen peroxide ought to likewise be kept steady. Expanding the volume of hydrogen peroxide increment the substrate focus and along these lines expanding the pace of response. At long last the mass of liver tissue ought to likewise be kept steady to attempt control the measure of protein particles present. Expanding the quantity of compounds implies there are progressively dynamic destinations present and substrate particles don't need to â€Å"queue up† for access to a functioning site. At last expanding compound fixation can likewise bring about an expansion in pace of response in this manner the mass of the liver tissue ought to likewise be controlled. Hardware: Hardware Amount Notes Computerized Stop Watch 1 Thermometer 1  ± 0.5 °C Computerized Balance to two decimal spots 1  ± 0.01g Funnel shaped Flask 7 250ml Measuring utencil 1 500ml (for water shower) Gas Delivery Tube 1 Gas Syringe 1  ±0.5ml Answer stand 1 Clip 1 Chief 1 Seat Mat 2 Security Goggles 1 Deionized Water Bottle 1 Parcel of Ice 1 Utilized for temperature beneath 30 °C Matches 1 Used to light Bunsen Burner Synthetic compounds - Dilute Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 1 Fixation (2M) Volume (800ml) Security Note: Eye assurance ought to be worn consistently On the off chance that fluid gets into eye, flood the eye with a delicate running tap for 10 minutes and look for clinical consideration In the event that hydrogen peroxide is spilt in the lab, spread it with mineral permeable. Weaken with water and wash fluid. Hydrogen peroxide ought to be put away in a dull earthy colored container and care must be taken while expelling the top as it is conceivable that weight may have developed inside it. Technique: Draw up a reasonable table or tables to record the outcomes. Painstakingly cut 7 bits of bovine liver tissue utilizing a blade and a cutting mat. Gauge each bit of liver tissue cautiously on the electric parity. Ensure every liver tissue weighs generally around 0.5 grams. Spot every liver tissue into a different bubbling cylinder and add 40ml of deionized water to each bubbling cylinder once the liver tissue is arranged at the base of the bubbling cylinder. Spot the warming mat on the table with the tripod on the warming mat. Tenderly spot the bandage on the tripod. When this is done, place the measuring glass on the tripod and gradually heat up the water with a Bunsen burner. Spot a bubbling cylinder with a liver tissue test into the water and put a thermometer in the cylinder. Warmth the measuring utencil until liver example arrangement arrives at 70 °C. Measure temperature of water with a thermometer. From that point onward, cautiously measure out 100ml of hydrogen peroxide with an estimating chamber and move the answer for a 250ml funnel shaped jar. Interface one finish of the gas conveyance cylinder to the gas syringe and the other to the funnel shaped carafe Expel the liver tissue from the bubbling cylinder with a couple of tweezers and spot it into the funnel shaped flagon with the hydrogen peroxide. Rapidly plug the cone shaped carafe once the liver tissue is dropped into the arrangement of hydrogen peroxide. Starting planning the time once the liver tissue contacts the hydrogen peroxide arrangement. Stop the stop watch following 1 moment and record the measure of gas delivered. Peruse off the gas syringe. At the point when the perusing is taken, evacuate the stopper and discard the hydrogen peroxide in the synthetic waste holder. Rehash the above strides until information focuses from 10 °C to 70 °C are recorded.. For readings underneath 30 °C, cool the liver tissue test with an ice shower. Outline: Results: Table of Results Volume of Gas Produced in a Minute (ml) Temperature ( °C) Preliminary 1  ±0.5ml Preliminary 2  ±0.5ml Preliminary 3  ±0.5ml Averageâ ±1 ml 20 32.0 33.0 35.0 33 30 40.0 36.0 41.0 39 40 45.0 47.0 50.0 47 50 54.0 52.0 54.0 53 60 63.0 60.0 65.0 63 70 43.0 37.0 40.0 40 80 4.0 2.0 4.0 3 Table 1.0 Raw Data Table 1.1 Qualitative Observations Temperature ( °C) Perceptions 20 Effervescene, delicate rising in arrangement 30 Effervescene, delicate rising in arrangement 40 More noteworthy foam, all the more rising in arrangement 50 Lively foam and percolating 60 Rough effervescene, vicious freedom of gas, rising in arrangement 70 Effervescene, delicate rising in arrangement 80 Rising in arrangement Diagram 1.0 Temperature and the Amount of Oxygen Liberated from Liver Tissue Sample Diagram 1.0 The chart above shows the connection between the temperature of the water shower the liver tissue test was put it and the measure of oxygen gas freed from the example subsequent to dropping it in weaken hydrogen peroxide in 1 moment. The diagram clearing shows that as the temperature builds, the measure of gas likewise increments up to 60 °C. From 60 °C onwards, the measure of oxygen gas created diminishes radically and there is a descending incline of the bend. Conversation: From the information acquired, there is an expansion of oxygen created as the temperature of the water shower increments. This pattern anyway just applies to the information focuses from 20-60 °C. At 70 °C in any case, there is a huge drop in the measure of oxygen gas delivered and at 80 °C, the measure of oxygen gas created is under 5ml. From the chart, the relationship is plainly spoken to. Up to about 60 °C the measure of oxygen gas created increments and ten-degree ascend in temperature is joined by 6-7ml increments in oxygen gas delivered. The measure of oxygen gas delivered decline at high temperatures as appeared from 70-80 °C. So as the temperature rises, the measure of compound dynamically diminishes and the measure of gas created is less. Because of these two impacts of warmth on catalyst, there is an evident temperature for a compound. Utilizing the chart, the ideal temperature of catalase is around at 60 °C. The properties of a protein extraordinarily relies upon its three dimensional state of the particle. Presentation to warm makes the particles vibrate viciously and this can cause securities inside the protein between various amino corrosive to break, bringing about lost the proteins natural properties. This is known as denaturation of a protein. Warming causes a proteins natural properties to change, for example, optical revolution, state of dynamic site and holding. The dynamic site of the compound is the thing that characterizes the protein. In the event that the dynamic site changes, the substrate atoms will not, at this point fit the dynamic site of the enzym

5 Forces Model of Verizon Essay

Verizon’s wireline business, which incorporates the tasks of the previous MCI, gives telephone utilities, including voice, broadband information and video administrations, arrange get to, across the country significant distance and different interchanges items and administrations, and furthermore claims and works one of the most far reaching start to finish worldwide Internet Protocol (IP) systems. Verizon’s local remote business, working as Verizon Wireless, gives remote voice and information items and administrations over the United States utilizing one of the most broad and dependable remote systems. The aftereffects of high serious weight could affect costs, edges, and henceforth, on productivity for each organization in the business. a. Run Nextel b. Cingular †AT&T remote c. T-Mobile d. AOL e. Qwest f. RBOCs g. COMCAST 4. Haggling Power of Suppliers †Low The term ‘suppliers’ involves all hotspots for inputs that are required so as to give merchandise or administrations. On the off chance that there is a market with much decision provider decision, bartering force will be less. There are many system gear providers, which are experienced the down telecom advertise. Having experienced advances additionally commoditize the items. All things considered, the bartering intensity of providers has been feeble. 5. Haggling Power of Customers †Low The dealing intensity of clients decides how much clients can force pressure on edges and volumes. Since a large portion of purchasers are little (private and independent venture clients), they don't have a lot of purchaser power. Huge enterprises are better situated to haggle for limits yet industry solidifications of SBC gaining AT&T and Verizon procuring MCI have altogether diminished the accessible lternatives for these companies and accordingly their exchange power. Nuisance Analysis A PEST examination is an examination of the significant variables that are changing which impact a business all things considered, these include: Political Factors †¢This incorporates government guidelines and lawful issues that characterize both formal and casual principles of the activity of Verizon. Financial Factors †¢This factor influences the buying intensity of purchasers and the Verizon’s cost of capital. Social Factors †¢Cultural and socioeconomics of nature would influence the customer’s needs just as potential market size. Mechanical Factors †¢This can bring down obstructions to passage, improve creation proficiency and impact redistributing choices. ? PoliticalEconomicalSocialTechnology Stability of the interior/outside political environmentEconomic growthPopulation development rate Automation Trading agreementsInterest ratesAge distributionTechnology impetuses work lawsInflation rateCareer attitudesRate of innovative change ecological regulationsBudget portion Perception of mechanical change inside the unit Trade limitations and tariffsThe level of swelling 5 Forces Model of Verizon Essay Verizon’s wireline business, which incorporates the tasks of the previous MCI, gives telephone utilities, including voice, broadband information and video administrations, organize get to, across the nation significant distance and different correspondences items and administrations, and furthermore claims and works one of the most extensive start to finish worldwide Internet Protocol (IP) systems. Verizon’s residential remote business, working as Verizon Wireless, gives remote voice and information items and administrations over the United States utilizing one of the most broad and solid remote systems. High for fixed-line, low for versatile/broadband A danger from substitutes exists if there are elective items with lower costs that are of better execution parameters for a similar reason. This might pull in a noteworthy extent of market volume and henceforth lessen the potential deals volume for Verizon. a. Vonage(Threat to Fixed Line administration) b. Skype(Threat to Fixed Line administration) 3. Serious Rivalry between Existing Players †High This power portrays the force of rivalry between existing players (organizations) in an industry. The consequences of high serious weight could affect costs, edges, and thus, on productivity for each organization in the business. a. Run Nextel b. Cingular †AT&T remote c. T-Mobile d. AOL e. Qwest f. RBOCs g. COMCAST 4. Bartering Power of Suppliers †Low The term ‘suppliers’ involves all hotspots for inputs that are required so as to give merchandise or administrations. In the event that there is a market with much decision provider decision, dealing force will be less. There are many system hardware providers, which are experienced the down telecom showcase. Having experienced innovations additionally commoditize the items. In that capacity, the haggling intensity of providers has been feeble. 5. Dealing Power of Customers †Low The haggling intensity of clients decides how much clients can force pressure on edges and volumes. Since a large portion of purchasers are little (private and independent venture clients), they don't have a lot of purchaser power. Enormous partnerships are better situated to haggle for limits yet industry combinations of SBC getting AT&T and Verizon obtaining MCI have essentially decreased the accessible lternatives for these companies and accordingly their arrangement power. Nonexclusive Strategy Verizon needs to cause the innovation clients to have today work better through new, client well disposed items, administrations, applications and arrangements. Just as to put resources into the broadband framework that will give clients far and away superior administrations later on. â€Å"Competitive bit of leeway can be gotten utilizing three conventional techniques; they are cost initiative, separation and core interest. †¢Cost Leadership oVerizon is required to contend on cost on the grounds that there are numerous remote administrators in Europe, lessen cost to expand memberships.

Before You Choose a Psychology Major

Before You Choose a Psychology Major More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers Choosing a college major is never easy, so how can you determine if majoring in psychology is the right choice for you? College students face a wide variety of options when selecting a major. Psychology is one of the most popular college majors today,?? but it isnt the best choice for everyone. If you are considering pursuing a degree in psychology, there are some important factors you should consider. Asking yourself these questions can help you determine if a career in psychology is suited to your lifestyle, personality, and professional goals. Do You Enjoy Working With Others? While there are many career options available to those with a psychology degree, the majority of graduates will work in the human services field.?? If you work in this area, the bulk of your time will be spent working one-on-one with individuals to change maladaptive behaviors or to teach life skills. If you love working with others and enjoy helping people, a psychology major might be an excellent option for you. What about students who love the subject matter but are not interested in working directly in mental health services? Fortunately, psychology is a remarkably diverse subject with a wide variety of career options. Other options outside of health and human services include research, teaching, and consulting. Can You Cope With Stress? Careers in human services can be both rewarding and challenging, but frustration and burnout are common. However, courses in counseling and stress management can help professionals deal with work-related tension. In addition to completing the basic coursework required by your program, you should also consider taking advantage of research and volunteer opportunities your school might offer. Contact the psychology department at your college or university to learn more about any hands-on experiences that might be possible. Do You Plan to Attend Graduate School? This question might just be one of the most important considerations of all. Graduates with a bachelor’s degree will find that job opportunities and salaries can be limited. Individuals with graduate degrees?? often work in research positions or in clinical settings. For example, if you want to work with clients as a clinical therapist, you will need a Ph.D. or Psy.D. in clinical psychology from an accredited university. While graduate school is a substantial commitment, the professional opportunities can make the effort worthwhile.?? What Are Your Interests? Do you enjoy solving practical problems, or do you prefer experimenting with different theoretical ideas? Before you decide on a psychology major, you need to consider your own personal preferences and interests. There are a number of sub-disciplines within the field of psychology, each with differing educational requirements. If you enjoy solving practical problems, you would be well suited for a career in human factors or industrial/organizational psychology. Have You Consulted With Your Academic Advisor? Before you decide on a psychology major, make an advisor appointment at your university. Your advisor will help you decide how your personality, interests, and preferences affect your suitability for certain jobs. Your advisor will also offer information on different career paths and specialty areas. Are You Taking Courses in Your Area of Interest? If you major in psychology, it is important to select a schedule of coursework that will advance your educational and professional goals. For example, if your goal is to work with children, your advisor will recommend courses in child development, educational psychology, and motivation management. A major in psychology offers many options suited for a variety of interests, and your educational plan can be tailored to meet your specific needs.

Energy Is The Best Option - 2071 Words

Energy. It is what drives our world. Humans have been producing energy for their own use for thousands of years. In the past century, the use of fossil fuels has become a key component of how America is fueled. While the use of fossil fuels has changed the landscape of the U.S.A., it is time to change the country’s energy orientation. Wind energy is the best option to begin to change electricity production for the future. Fossil fuel is quickly becoming more negative than positive. Many of its impacts, from causing climate change to polluting water supplies can be removed by transitioning to being powered by wind. Because of its longterm sustainability, lower negative environmental impact, and ability to benefit America’s economy, wind†¦show more content†¦As time goes on, and the wind keeps Ludtke 2 blowing, the ability that humans have to effectively capture this power is going to do nothing but increase. In the 1990s, this trend was especially strong with a 25.7% annual increase in wind energy production (â€Å"Wind Energy†). Growing the capacity to capture wind is key to its future as a viable energy source. Much of fossil fuel’s attraction is our immensely efficient ability to capture its energy. However, the energy efficiency of wind energy by itself, along with our increased future ability to capture its energy, legitimizes the claim that using wind for power in America is viable down the road. Looking ahead, America’s needs for energy are going to go up, while the availability of fossil fuels is going to go down. Conflicts over price and distribution of this fuel will grow. Even today, one can see price swings for petroleum and oil seemingly based purely on the whims of those producing it. If this energy was coming from the wind, a free and unending source of energy, foreign leaders and oil moguls would not be the ones dictating where energy comes from and how expensive it is. Instead, energy would be a much more stable, conflictfree point (â€Å"Renewable Energy Use†). This stability benefits everyone from governments to large corporations to individual fuel consumers. Governments rely less on imports and are better able to predict accurately energy needs and prices in the

Negative Effects Of The Industrial Revolution - 1665 Words

Many repercussions happened as a result of the Industrial Age. Technological advances are most often seen as â€Å"good† for society’s progress in being â€Å"successful†, but often there are advances that can hinder the lives of the peoples in these societies. During the Industrial Age (1750-1900), there were a plethora of new inventions and technologies that were produced. The revolution was seen around the world and helped many nations with economic growth. The British had a large growth in steam powered energy. With the coal industry boosting, the iron industry soon followed, as it became easier and cheaper to produce the new material of choice for building. The cotton industry also became the â€Å"paradigm† for many inventions and growth in the†¦show more content†¦(1) Most laborers worked long and hard for 10 to 14 hours a day, six days a week, with no paid vacation or holidays. These jobs also had serious safety hazards as well. For exampl e, iron working has a serious burn hazard or crushing a body part or in the case of working with machines. Machinery had many large, heavy moving parts, and these parts were often exposed, leaving disaster to strike at any time. A reporter from the time stated that â€Å"abandoned from the moment that an accident occurs; their wages are stopped, no medical attendance is provided, and whatever the extent of the injury, no compensation is afforded†. (1) This is vastly different from jobs today; companies are now liable for safety within the work environment. The only breaks that the workers would be given from the dark, hot, dangerous work, were a lunch and dinner break. Factories were usually lit only by sunlight shining through the windows which made the risk of injuries vastly more prevalent. Men, women, and children all worked in these factories, children working just as hard as adults in debatably more dangerous environments. Men usually received 10 cents an hour, women ea rned three to five cents an hour, and children were paid the roughly the same as women. Children made up two-thirds of Richard Arkwright’s spinning factory in 1789. (1) They were used for unskilled, simple jobs, or for fitting into small places, but often had physical deformations from the lack of exercise and sunlight.Show MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of The Industrial Revolution840 Words   |  4 Pages The Industrial Revolution had a negative impact on nations. Some reasons to support my claim is that factories had a big effect on children, it also impacted women and their wages and the environment. The Industrial Revolution had a negative effect on the children and women, and the reason it had a negative effect was that there were bad conditions that the children and women lived and worked in. 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This time was called the Industrial Revolution, where farms were being replaced for factories and technological advancements that would change the way of living for everyone. As with all significant events in history, there were positive and negative impacts that the Industrial Revolution had on the world. Despite all the technological advancements that were made during this time that brought economic prosperity to all, the Industrial Revolut ion has negative impacts that shaped our societyRead MorePositive and Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution1144 Words   |  5 PagesPositive and Negative Impacts of the Industrial Revolution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The Industrial Revolution was a change in the mid-18th  century from small scale, domestic production of goods to machine-based, mass production of goods. It is usually thought of as having mostly or only positive impacts on Europe. Although the revolution did have many positive impacts, it had its fair share of negative impacts as well. Some of the positive outcomes included the overall increase in production and value ofRead MoreThe Positive and Negative effects of the Industrial Revolution752 Words   |  4 PagesPositive and Negative effects of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution had many positive and negative impacts on society. The positive include cheaper clothes, more job opportunities, and improvement in transportation. And the negative would include exploitation of women and children, workers work long hours and environmental damages. These are just a few that I believe had an impact on the Industrial Revolution. England was an ideal place for the Industrial Revolution to begin.Read MorePositive and Negative Effects of Industrial Revolution Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesPositive and Negative Effects of Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 1700’s. 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These effects lead to more trade, better transportationRead MoreThe Positives And Cons Of The Industrial Revolution835 Words   |  4 PagesIs the Industrial Revolution as Good as We Think It Is? Bill Gates once said, â€Å"If you go back to 1800, everybody was poor. I mean everybody. The Industrial Revolution kicked in, and a lot of countries benefited, but by no means everyone.† The Industrial Revolution was a period in the 18th century led by Great Britain that had a major influence in agriculture, scientific studies, manufacturing, and transportation. As said by Bill Gates, even though the Industrial Revolution benefited many parties

Modern management Free Essays

If Dollar General wished to raise the prices of an item that was previously priced lower than their competitor, there are a number of steps they should take to maintain control of the process. Perdue has eased the control of prices by building in some slack in the pricing system to allow for raised prices. The first step is precontrol, in this case determination of the appropriate price – i. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern management or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. controlling price changes so that they can raise the price of the product without losing too many sales. This requires analysis of the price elasticity of the item in order to determine how much they can raise the price. The second step is concurrent control – communication of the new price to the stores, which may include provision of new price tags, communication through company channels such as email or generated reports, etc. and monitoring by managers to make sure the price changes are implemented. The third step, of feedback control, is monitoring the price change in order to make sure that the price change did not produce more than the accepted loss of sales as determined in step one.   These steps will allow the stores to implement a higher price on a previously lower-priced product. ‘The CEO should consider the relatively low sales at higher square footage stores to be a symptom of a problem, not a problem in and of itself. Dollar General’s store layouts and inventory assignments are tightly controlled and optimized for maximum efficiency and sales. However, most of their stores are smaller stores, averaging 7,000 square feet or less. This puts the larger stores at a disadvantage because they are carrying a mix of products that may not be optimal for the store size. This means that the lower sales per square foot is a symptom of a non-optimal inventory mix and layout superimposed on a larger store, not a problem in and of itself. While it should be solved, it can be solved indirectly by analyzing the inventory and layout needs of the larger stores rather than directly tackling the lower sales. A discount retailer such as Dollar General should use all three types of control (precontrol, concurrent control and feedback control) when attempting to control shrink. Precontrol can include such measures as establishing shrink management practices, such as careful cash control and cash handling training for employees, stock handling procedures, and security, in order to prevent common anticipated problems. Concurrent control, such as monitoring of security systems and active employee observation, can prevent shrink from shoplifting and excess employee waste. Finally, feedback control in the form of incentives such as bonuses or prizes for stores with low shrink percentages can help to reinforce the precontrol and concurrent control measures taken. Control measures are most effective when all potential routes of control loss are considered and actions are taken at the appropriate level to deal with them. It would not be appropriate or effective for a manager or other controller to attempt to poor cash handling after each incident   – it is more effective to develop policies that mandate teaching employees proper cash handling beforehand. 1. Information quality is the degree to which information represents reality. Information timeliness is the extent to which the receipt of information allows decisions to be made in a timely manner in order to allow the business to benefit from its use. Nike is using the information gained from its information systems to determine its required inventory levels, which are dependent on the projected demand for the product. This means that information quality is important because less than quality information could mean that Nike focuses its manufacturing and distribution efforts in less than optimal areas. The initial implementation of the information system generated more than $100 million in incorrect orders due to lack of information quality. Information timeliness is also important to Nike. Because the information system is tied to the manufacturing and distribution system, the timeliness of the information provided directly impacts the organization’s ability to produce and distribute the appropriate inventory. If the information is not provided in a timely manner, the manufacturing and sales may appear to be reactive rather than proactive, and Nike may miss the top of their demand curve because information was provided too slowly or because the system generated orders too early. 2. The security issues for Nike’s sales forecasting and factory order system include automated threats such as worms, viruses etc, and internal sabotage by disgruntled employees and external breach by either hackers or industrial spies. Automated threats are a threat at any time when a system is connected to the Internet; while it is less common now than in the past, viruses may also be transmitted via infected media such as CD-Rom or removable solid-state media. Internal sabotage by disgruntled employees can also be a problem; in order to mitigate this, permissions and access to the system should be handled on a minimum required basis (each employee should be given only the permissions required to perform his or her job, and permissions should be actively managed as employees move from task to task). Outside breaches by hackers or industrial spies is a concern for Nike because they are a high-profile company in a highly competitive business, making them a tempting target for hackers to try to gather lucrative information from their information systems. 3. Currently Nike targets individual groups of consumers with games and information online that is targeted to their special interests, and provides an IM-based game for soccer fans. There are a number of other uses for the World Wide Web that could help Nike communicate with its customers. They could use online surveying techniques and online feedback forums to enhance their market strategies and improve their products and address customer complaints. They could also utilize the Web as a central platform for their marketing strategy, including running specially designed Web sites for high-profile new products, creating customer contests, games and trivia and building a Nike community around their sites. Nike also has opportunities to create product tie-ins based on the Web. Their IM soccer game is a prototype of a way in which games or custom-branded software can keep the Nike brand in front of their customers all the time. Streaming media allows for music and movie tie-ins delivered via the Web. Nike could also use the Web for internal purposes. For example, an employee recruiting web site could increase the number and quality of their job applicants, as well as provide a prescreening facility for the HR organization. Skillful use of the Web also portrays the image of a technologically savvy and forward-looking company, which is vital to its market viability. How to cite Modern management, Essay examples Modern Management Free Essays Corporate Social Responsibility is the duty of the management of the company to ensure that the welfare of the society is brought about along with promoting the development and wellbeing of the company.   It is the duty of the manager to ensure that both the social interests and the organizational interests are maintained and developed (Cresto, 2006).   However, at the moment, the opinion regarding corporate involvement in social responsibilities is differing. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The arguments for and against social responsibility activities by the corporate could be considered. Positive outcomes for the business by performing social responsibility activities:- The good name and the reputation of the company would be promoted as they would perform their duty of maintaining and developing the interests of the society.  As the interests of the society are improved, the social system would improve and this could also be beneficial for the corporate.  The management of the corporate would be more interested in maintaining the interests of the society along with the organization.   Hence, the Human resources that would be a part of the corporate would be of high quality. As the organization would mutually benefit with the society, the ability of the company to grow and survive in that particular society would be higher.   Hence, the corporate could move into identifying and organizing certain long-term plans.   On a long-term basis, the chances of developing sustained profits would be higher if social interests are maintained.  The unemployment rates in the society and the job satisfaction in the company would improve due to the economic growth felt by the corporate presence.  If the consumers are a part of the society, the chances of developing and maintaining relationships with them would be higher.] Negative outcomes for the business by performing social responsibility activities:-  According to Friedman, the chances of the management to indulge in unethical practices are higher so as to make profits that would ensure performance of social responsibilities.They could be a conflict within the management or outside the management for maintaining the goals of the organization or the goals of the society. The corporate would be spending the money of the consumers on maintaining and developing the interests of the society.   This could raise the prices of the goods or services produced by the company.   Consumers may prefer to purchase a product or services from a company that does not have a social benefit policy than a company that does, as the price is more likely to be less. The stakeholders of the corporate and the potential investors may not want to invest in that particular company, as they fear that they would be losing their money on social beneficial activities. The company would be using fewer resources on production (as the financial resources are spending on social interests).   The production would decrease and the chances of having higher amounts of profit would be lowered.   The company’s ability to develop a stronger long-term plan would be less likely. A Multinational corporation (MNC’s) is a company that has its presence felt in more than one nation across the World or does business at the global level.   The term MNC’s was utilized in the 1970’s in the US.   MNC’s usually do not consider national barriers that would restrict business.   Recently, the foreign investment in the US has improved drastically, and the chances of it improving further in the future are realistically high.   The process of a company becoming a multinational occurs in stages. In the first stage, the company merely exports products to foreign nations.   In the second stage, the company develops sales units in the foreign nations.   In the third stage, the company would permit foreign-based companies to make and sell their products and services under the main company’s name.   In the fourth stage, manufacturing units are set up by the company in the foreign nation.   In the fifth step, the management of the company is multi-nationalized in such a way that a corporate decision in the parent company would be affected in the foreign nations.   In the last stage, the ownership of the company is multi-nationalized. Two companies that are US-based MNC’s include General Electric and IBM.   General Electric had sales of $ 129, 853 million in the year 2001 (Listed by Forbes Global).   The portion of foreign sales was about 33 % and the net profits were about $ 12, 735 million.   It has $ 437, 006 million as assets and it market value is about 406, 525 million $.   The enterprise value of the company is about 613, 268 million $.   IBM has sales of about $ 88, 396 million in the year, and its foreign sales is about 58 % of the total sales.   Its net profit of about $ 8, 093 million, and its total assets is about 88, 349 million $.   It has a market value of about 167, 206 million dollars and the enterprise value is about 194, 097 million $ (Cresto, 2006). Two foreign investors MNC’s that have invested in the US include Daimler Chrysler AG (from Germany) which is an automobile company and ING Group (from Netherlands) which offers financial services.   Daimler Chrysler AG had a total revenue of 86, 071 million $ in the year 2001 in the US, and its total assets in the US was more than 82, 000 million $ in the US.   The ING Group had revenue of about 14, 997 million $ in the year 2001 in the US and its net income was about 442 million US $ (Cresto, 2006). References: Cresto, S. C. and Cresto, S. T. (2006). Chapter 3: Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Ethics, Modern Management, (10th ed), New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, pp. 50-76. Cresto, S. C. and Cresto, S. T. (2006). Chapter 2: Modern Management Challenges, Modern Management, (10th ed), New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, pp. 80-102. Cresto, S. C. and Cresto, S. T. (2006). Chapter 2: Modern Management Challenges, Modern Management, (10th ed), New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, pp. 106-111. How to cite Modern Management, Essay examples Modern management Free Essays 1. Organizational resources are the prime variables that ultimately translate into the cumulative compilation of production output. It can be stated that production is the final result that is instrumented by several processes that make up the basic procedure of the production unit. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern management or any similar topic only for you Order Now The term ‘organizational resource’ can be enumerated as a compilation of different aspects that include variables like personnel, motivation, cost of raw materials, supply chain management, knowledge management, material processing and market forecast analysis. All these together ensure the success of the ultimate quality and quantity of the production along with the favorable pricing per unit for the produced output. Thus it could be mentioned that the relation between the organizational resources and the production is inseparable and vital for the health of the industry. For an industry to obtain favorable conditions in the market it is necessary to formulate a strategy that would enable the organization to keep every aspect of the units involved in a well passed manner. The purchase of material would ensure that the value is obtained out of the purchase while the supply chain would ensure that there is no wastage of materials and the materials are presented to the processing unit in proper time. The same principals are true with the processing units too. The efficiency level of the personnel involved along with their motivation level ensures the best possible production out of the initial possesses involved. Thus it could be stated that organizational resources and production relation is vital and inseparable for any organization and the ultimate success of an organization is ensured by this relation. (Lamb, 2004) 2. The aspects of managerial effectiveness and efficiency are interrelated and are highly potent if applied in a well formulated manner. Any industry survives on the potential of the strategy that is taken and implemented by the management of that industry. As a result the prime factor that should be instigated in the organizational operational activities is the proper and smooth transaction of managerial effectiveness and efficiency into an enhanced and even relationship. The relationship between managerial effectiveness and efficiency is vital for an organization because for any industry effective personnel at suitable position are a primal factor for success. A person might be very efficient at formulation and modeling strategy. But the same person might not be an effective administrator. That is way it becomes important to position the best person possible at position where the efficiency could be yielded at maximum. Thus relation between managerial effectiveness and efficiency becomes an object of prime concern for any organization. It can be stated that by the term managerial effectiveness it is understood as the positional utility of a personnel whereas by the term efficiency it is reflected that the potential of the positional utility is utilized in full.   To compile and relate these two important variables it is important to evaluate the human resource structure at its maximum to yield the utmost possible result. The success and failure of an organization largely depends on such a formulation and practical implementation of the human resource department at its highest extent. The managerial effectiveness and efficiency is the keystone of success and the competitive advantage of an organization is dependent on such important organizational factors or variables. (King, 2001) References: King, H; (2001); Management Principals Today; HBT Brooks Ltd Lamb, Davis; (2004); Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; National Book Trust. How to cite Modern management, Essay examples

Fixed Income Analysis Trading and Trading

Question: Analyse that how the USA Government have controlled the Mortgage Backed Securities in the US market? Answer: Executive Summary: This report helps us to analyse that how the USA Government have controlled the Mortgage Backed Securities in the US market. It also helps us to see that the Mortgage Backed Securities has more advantageous than the Fixed income trading. This research shows that US Government took the steps to prevent the Mortgage Backed Securities. It also shows that how the US Government uses Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae to control the Mortgage Backed Securities. Introduction: Fixed income is source of income from the investment in which the seller or the buyer is bound to pay or earn money of a set sum of money on a fixed schedule. The fixed income did not rise or fall like the dividend paid by the company or the fixed income does not change due to the rise or fall in inflation rate or the interest rate of the country. The fixed income market research obeys the Bloomberg Market. In the year 1992, a magazine was released in the market of United States Of America as Bloomberg magazine. This magazine was released for the users of United States who gambles in the financial market. Fixed income market is bigger than the equity market. This fixed income market is usually played by the organisational investors. The United States mortgage market in the residential purpose has gone through many commotions during the year 2007 to 2008. The US banks are giving loans to the people by mortgaging the houses with the banks and lending the loans to the people behalf of mortgaging the houses. The banks sell the houses to get liquidity with them. But the economic conditions are so disgrace that the no one in the US wants to buy the houses at a very high cost. This creates the bank to face a lot of trouble. This is because the banks do not have money with them. They converted the money into the assets. This creates an economic problem in United States Of America. In the capital market, there is various investment strategies which are available in the United States market are being developed by the financial professionals. This capital market allows the traders to invest in many field like equity, debt, forward, option, future and also in bonds. Literature Review: From the year 2008 financial disorder, several numbers of developments has been restructured like many regulations reformed, developing the United States market structure and also introduced some technological improvement in the market capital. Plenty of Mortgaged Based securities are there in the market of United States (McLean and Nocera, 2010). Mortgaged Backed Securities are based on the loan. In the beginning, the banks of the US or the company who use to give the home loans in the US market uses the home loans then the firm or the US based bank sells the same home loans to the investment bank of the United States, or the agencies for example Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae which are controlled by the United States Government. The Mortgage Based Securities is mainly sold by the Government agencies in United States (McLean and Nocera,2010). This schemes is attracts the traders because of the money back guarantee from the Federal Government. As the Government of United States involves in the matter, the traders also relies on the mortgaged backed securities. This is because the traders know that they will receive a lump sum amount of money back by the Government agencies of Mortgaged Backed Securities. Different types of mortgage based securities With the help of types of Mortgage based securities helps the company to get in depth studying of the model of Mortgaged Backed Securities market in the United States of America. Mortgage Loan. Mortgage Pass Through CMO / REMIC. Mortgaged Backed Securities Portfolio. One of the most difficult model is Mortgaged Based Securities. In this MBS market the holder of the mortgage gets the shares from the principal amount to the interest amount. Mortgage Based Securities are launched in the market by the United States Government to bring revolt in the department of house loan and the US mortgage trade. This MBS market helps the people of the United States to buy the homes in the United States (McLean and Nocera, 2010). During the year 2000 to 2005, the real estate was running their business in the booming condition. That period most of the banks and the mortgages companies has made a lot of profit in the market. But in the year 2007 to 2008, the condition of MBS market went down. The banks of the United States do not have enough liquidity with them. For the volatility of the MBS market condition in the United States, the Government launched three agencies in the market like Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac. The mortgage backed securities in the home loan purpose are divided in to the two parts: Sanctioned by the institutional agencies. Sanctioned by the private agencies. We should focus on the United States of America mortgage sector (McLean and Nocera, 2010). This is because it plays a very valuable role in the capital market due to its size occupying in the U.S. capital market (Goldmann, 2010). The fixed income is a market which lies in the edge of rushing into a fundamental industrial change with the rigid drivers throwing the old structure of the market and modernising the structure of the market. Rules are indicating the banks to decrease the money (Goldmann, 2010). Mortgage Backed Securities is a very important part of the capital market. This mortgage rate defines the rate at which the home owner pays the rate of the interest. Mortgage Backed Securities Valuation is the valuation of a security that can be expressed in the terms of NPV (net present value). The discounting factor is obtainable from the market (Fabozzi and Modigliani, 1992). The time is mentioned by the mortgage company that for the time period a person is taking the mortgage from the market. Ginnie Mae: Ginnie Mae was the first company that has introduced the MBS in 1968 by the US government national Associations. Ginnie Mae is one of the governmental organisation that issued the MBS back by the credit of US government (Ambrose and Sanders, 2008). Ginnie Mae is ben guaranteed payment of the principal amount along with principal has been one of the pillar of the constructs irrespective of the default in mortgage payments by the borrower (Lugo, 2014). Fannie Mae: It another major company who issues the MBS and are very much has ethical responsibility of the US government to rate the credit value of the mortgage. The FNMA (Federal National Mortgage association) is very much work on the basis of the treasury regulation of the money market guarded the federal bank of America (Antinolfi and Brunetti, 2010). Freddie Mac: It is stockholder owned government sponsored corporation that has been formed in order to enhance the mortgage credit and give quick liquidity. It is owned by the federal home loan Mortgage associations and has line of credit with the government of America (Cantor and Hu, 2009). Application/ Discussion: The three instruments of lending the mortgages is Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, Ginnie Mae. Freddie Mac mainly enhances the mortgage credit and quickly converts the mortgages into the liquidity assets (Wiedemer et al. 2014). The owner of the Freddie Mac is the federal home loan mortgage association. Fannie Mae is a company who is the leading point of giving liquidity for the residential purpose. Ginnie Mae is also known as the government national mortgage association (Stone and Zissu, 2005). The owner of the Ginnie Mae is federal corporation within the United States. It was launches in the year 1968. The main functions of the Ginnie Mae is to attract new point of getting money in the purpose of hose mortgage purpose (Schofield and Bowler). Effects On The MBS Market The mortgage backed securities have a very volatility in the year 2007 to 2012 (Amerman, 2010). After the year 2012 the mortgage backed securities recovered from high volatility to low volatility by the United States banks. The market backed securities have backed by most bonds. The market where the traders get into the short position and the traders gets into the long position. A very large number of mortgages are sold in very less amount of money due to lack of liquidity with the banks (Stone and Zissu, 2005). This makes banks sell all the residents taken in mortgages at a very cheaper rate due to lack of liquidity with the bank (Tuckman and Serrat, 2012). The three aspects for giving the price discount on the mortgages residents are: The difference in price by giving the loan to the people who are keeping their houses as mortgages and selling the mortgages to the people for the less liquidity with the bank (Amerman, 2010).. This lack of liquidity forces the bank to give discount in the TBA market. The discount of price shows a higher risk of repayment (Amerman, 2010). This are affects which affects the Mortgage Backed Securities the most. Description of Bloomberg in bond index Base Currency USD Yield to Maturity 2.36 % Yield to Worst 2.16 % Spread (OAS) 21.96 Average Life 5.22 Number of Issues 473 Bloomberg index reflects that the value of the markets rate of return of maturity is 2.36% according to the combined rating of Ginnie Mae, Freddie Mae and Fannie Mae (Wiedemer et al. 2014). The rating reflects that United States was very fragile in the financial year 2008. The average life of the US MBS is almost 5.22 years as shown in the chart (Tuckman and Serrat, 2012). Yield to maturity means the rate of return is by 2.36%. If the market condition is in very worst condition the rate of return will be 2.36 %. We have seen that the condition of the market when the market is at better condition is 2.36 % and when the market condition is worst still the market have rate of return is 2.36 % (Stone and Zissu, 2005). This shows that the market is at recession period. The Federal Reserve reported that the deterioration is seen in the market of mortgage backed securities and the Fed is almost buying $ 40 billion in bonds. The dealers almost of 20 % are responded the market in Mortgage backed securities had reduced in the US market (Amerman, 2010). Mortgage back securities performance in compare top world during 2008 crisis is given below: Looses faced by the companies during 2008 in terms of MBS Amount $, Bn Lehman brothers -18.1 Merrill Lynch -8.6 Barclays -2.3 Wachovia bank -8.4 JP Morgan chase -1.3 Bank of America -4.4 Citi Group -9.83 During 2008, crisis as per the Bloomberg report, Merrill Lynch reportedly has been confirmed the net loss worth of more than $ 8.6 billion that broke the stock market down. Then there is collapse of the one of the strongest housing mortgage company Lehman brothers who have collapsed due to increase in the default in payments and price of real estate is being lowering done which lead to global catastrophe (Zhou, 2010). As per the bloom index USD MBS is been going through rough phase that point of time. During that period of time, MBS has been able to garnered controversy which tends to lend the subprime crisis. MBS is been one of the part of the subprime lending that start rooting the housing bubble bursts (Goldmann, 2010). Since then the government of treasury has changed the US MBS bond norms and brought more transparency and more of clear concept rather the complex structure which turns into the nightmare for the US and rest of the world. Name Values Change Effective yield US treasury Bond index 121.60% -0.91 1.58% US agency Bond Index 116.8% -0.44 1.45% US corporate Bond index 137.50% -1.10 3.11% US MBS bond Index 123.47% -0.45 2.36% Fund rate 0.9 Prime rate 3.25 Graph 1: MBS bond in compare to other bonds (Source: www.bloomberg.com) From the graph we can say that the Bloomberg with an analysis on the bonds and MBS are developing slowly in the US market (Wiedemer et al. 2014). The bonds which are given by the corporate have very high rate of return. But the large market shows a very healthy rate of return. So, now we can see that the market is developing vigorously in the capital market. MBS has many benefits. One of the essential importance of MBS has very high quality (Wiedemer et al. 2014). According to the Ginnie Mc and Freddie Mac, the most advantageous of using MBS market is this market has very high class debt (Tuckman and Serrat, 2012). The owner of this instrument is United States Of Government and this instruments are controlled by the United States Government itself. Mortgage Based Securities market is a very low risk market if we measure up to the equity or any other types of securities (Stone and Zissu, 2005). This market also gives profitable income. This is because MBS is controlled by the United States Government. And the payment is based on monthly wages. Income is monthly based: MBS have many benefits in the market. And one of the essential benefits is the return gets by the trader is monthly based whereas, the fixed income trading investors gets the rate of return after a long period of time (Stone and Zissu, 2005). This provides the investor to play in a very low risk. But the investors in the fixed income trading plays in a very high risk. The MBS can be treated as a source of monthly income whereas the fixed income trading does not have this advantage. Once you have invested in the fixed income trading the return the investors will get after a very long time period. Bloombergs also shows that the mortgage backed securities is taxable (Goldmann, 2010). Conclusion: Fixed income trading is almost same as the mortgage backed securities (MBS). The fixed income trading gives the trader for the long term investment. Whereas the Mortgage Backed Securities have short term securities. The rate of return in the MBS is low whereas the rate of return of fixed income trading is very high. The risk in MBS is very low whereas the risk in the fixed income trading is very high. The risk factor of the MBS is very low whereas the risk factor of the Fixed income trading is very high. The lack of transparency causes the MBS market very complex. In Mortgage backed securities, the returns or the values cannot be measured. From the above research we understood that Mortgage Backed Securities is very valuable market for investment by the investors which is controlled by the United States Government agency. Three key agencies who serves the investor to get a good return from MBS market is Ginnie Mae, Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. The owner of the three agencies Ginnie Ma e, Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae in the MBS market is United States Government. And the three agencies are also controlled by the United States Government. References: www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-07-08/fed-says-a-few-dealers-report-deterioration-in-mbs-market [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Goldmann, P. (2010). Fraud in the markets. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Green, R. (2013). Introduction to Mortgages Mortgage Backed Securities. Burlington: Elsevier Science. Wiedemer, R., Wiedemer, D. and Spitzer, C. (2014). Aftershock. Hoboken: Wiley. Amerman, D. (1993). Mortgage securities. Chicago, Ill.: Probus Pub. Co. Arditti, F. (1996). Derivatives. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Stone, C. and Zissu, A. (2005). The securitization markets handbook. Princeton, NJ: Bloomberg Press. Amerman, D. (1993). Mortgage securities. Chicago, Ill.: Probus Pub. Co. Arditti, F. (1996). Derivatives. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Fabozzi, F. and Modigliani, F. (1992). Mortgage and mortgage-backed securities markets. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. McLean, B. and Nocera, J. (2010). All the devils are here. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. Stone, C. and Zissu, A. (2005). The securitization markets handbook. Princeton, NJ: Bloomberg Press. Batten, J., Fetherston, T. and Szilagyi, P. (2006). Japanese fixed income markets. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Colin, A. (2005). Fixed income attribution. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Jegadeesh, N. and Tuckman, B. (2000). Advanced fixed income valuation tools. New York: Wiley. Jha, S. (2011). Interest Rate Markets + Web site. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Schofield, N. and Bowler, T. (2011). Trading the fixed income, inflation and credit markets. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. Tuckman, B. and Serrat, A. (2012). Fixed income securities. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Amerman, D. (1993). Mortgage securities. Chicago, Ill.: Probus Pub. Co. Stone, C. and Zissu, A. (2005). The securitization markets handbook. Princeton, NJ: Bloomberg Press.

Comparative Analysis of FM Stations Pakistan Essay Example

Comparative Analysis of FM Stations Pakistan Essay RADIO: ABSTRACT: For the sake of our assignment task that is to canvas FM 101, 103 and 107 broadcasting we have tuned up all these three FM and listened to it by going beyond from a silent listener to an analyst. For this purpose we have keep an eye on their programs, way of speaking of RJs and DJs, use of medium for conveying message that is language, sort of music, news coverage and so on. While during this period of our listening of these FM we can easily analyze that by providing quality and variety to its listeners through unique programs it has established its place as a listeners first hoice in a very short span of time. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Analysis of FM Stations Pakistan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Analysis of FM Stations Pakistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Analysis of FM Stations Pakistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Also the wealth of information and melodious music catering the diverse tastes of its listeners. Here we comparatively give the overview of all three FM stations. INTRODUCTION: Radio was at first known as wireless, and it became an important worldwide means of communication. A radio refers to an electronic device that works by receiving radio wave (an electromagnetic wave) that has the capacity to broadcast news, speech, music and other audio through the air. It is a medium of communication. It is a portable device which was invented by Marconi the great Italian scientist. Freeform radio is an art form. The airwaves are the empty canvas, the producer is the artist, and the sound is the paint. Julius Lester Radio is a fascinating medium among the various mass communication media because of its special characteristics. If we compare it to other mass media, radio consistently ranks as the most popular means of disseminating information, regardless of the continent. It is also effective not only in informing the people but also entertains listeners and creates awareness regarding many social issues and need for social reformation. It continues to be as relevant and potent as it was in the arly years despite the emergence of more glamorous media. RADIO WAVES: Radio waves transmit music, conversations, pictures and data invisibly through the air, often over millions of miles it happens every day in thousands of different ways! Even though radio waves are invisible and completely undetectable to humans, they have totally changed society. Whether we are talking about a cell phone, a baby monitor, a cordless phone or any one of the thousands of other wireless technologies, all of them use radio waves to communicate. Here are Just a few of the everyday technologies that depend on radio waves: AM and FM radio broadcasts Cordless phones. LIST OF RADIO CHANNELS IN PAKISTAN: Radio Pakistan AM 820 Karachi City FM 89 Karachi Radio ONE FM 91 Karachi Radio FM 93 ( BY Radio Pakistan) Planet FM 94(By Radio Pakistan) Radio FM IOI(BY Radio Pakistan) Radio Active FM 96 Karachi Ziauddin University FM 98. 2 Karachi(Campus Radio) Josh FM 99 Karachi/Lahore FM 100 Karachi Mast FM 103 Karachi HOT FM 105 Karachi HUM FM 106. 2 Karachi ZAB FM 106. Karachi Apna Karachi FM 107 PUBLIC INTEREST IN FM RADIO: Even though, television has completely overshadowed its predecessor as a broadcasting channel, still the numbers of radio listeners is immensely growing over he years. Despite the ever growing number of television channels radio to date is considered one of the fastest means of information. The mobility of radio through cars, cell phones and other electronic gadgets has helped in increased number of radio listeners resulting in rigorous competition between radio channels. All the efforts of radio channels are towards attracting large listenership for their FM networks. Whether you are stuck at a traffic Jam or you are feeling alone at your home one can always tune into FM and be updated with the latest information in politics, fashion, health, education, weather and what not. FM 101 : In October 1998 Radio Pakistan started FM transmission from Islamabad, Karachi and Lahore under the title of FM 101 exclusively for entertainment. It was launched as the counterpart of FM 100 as the Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) authorities wanted to cash in on the radio boom themselves too, fearing monopoly of a private channel in this regard. During the earlier times, FM 101 maintained a low profile and didnt attracted much listener ship, at least not in the beginning as the methods used were crude and outdated, much like that of Radio Pakistan itself. With the launch of FM 101 International, the channel gained an upper edge nd today seems to be winning the race as FMIOO suffers from a serious financial crisis. It Network is spread around 9 cities of Pakistan list of the cities are Islamabad, Lahore, Multan, Karachi, Quetta, Faisalabad, Hyderabad, Sialkot, Peshawar, and Sargodha. Also FM 101 s transmission is available on Asia sat 3 and also on the web. SHOWS LIST OF FM 101 : S. NO ANCHORS NAME SHOWS RIZWAN ALI AHMED HOWZ THAT 2 RJ MEHAK GOOD EVENING 101 6PM 3 RJ FAIZA SUNDAY SPECIAL 11 AM 4 RJ NASIR KHAN GHUNCHA E SHOUQ 2 AM 5 RJ ASIM RAZA 101 INTERNATIONAL 12 MN 6 RJ ARSALAN EVENING DRIVE TIME 7 RJ BILAL HADER SMILE AND DIAL 8 RJ NEELAM CHOICE JUST FOR YOU RJ FAIZA BASHIR SATURDAY SPECIAL 10 RJ SADAF RANI GOOD MORNING 101 PAKISTAN 7 AM 12 RJ NAIL-A TAHIR 13 RJ ZAHRA SIKANDAR ANALYTICAL OVERVIEW OF FM 101 : 1. AREAS OF TRANSMISSION: The FM channel transmission reach in three major cities that is Islamabad, Lahore, Karachi. 2. MUSIC: The programme consists of music mainly of the pop variety. Western music has also been allocated two hours every day, form 3 to 4 in the afternoon and 8 to 9 in the evening. 3. INFORMATION: The transmission is sprinkled with information on a variety of topics including driving tips, horoscopes, sports, weather updates, culture and civilization, health and ygiene, quiz, women and kids issues, fashion and style and even stocks and business hints. 4. GUESTS: Prominent personalities of different fields of life are also invited in live shows to talk to the listeners and answer their phone calls. FM 101 channel also broadcast Current Affairs issues as and when required. 5. FAN FOLLOWING: The listeners give their feedback and have interaction which the DJs of FM 101 channel through SMS service, e-mails and letters. The transmission of FM 101 is also available on the web. 6. PRESENTATION: The success of any broadcast organization depends on the style presentation echniques, it has adopted. Therefore, the first and foremost demand of FM 101 from its presenters is subject knowledge, language efficiency and vocabulary with communication skills and mannerism. The presenters of the channel have been provided these skills with extensive training and guidance by experienced production team of PBC. MUST FM 103: INTRODUCTION: Faisalabad and Multan. It was proved by a survey that in the period of six year it become popular among the mass listeners and left behind other FM networks in the race to provide continuous entertainment to its listeners reaching to majority areas of the country. As today effective MASTS transmission covers almost 47 different cities, towns and areas besides the four cities with which it first started its transmission. The signal loop in these major four cities extends up to 120 km from one corner to the other corner and covers a listenership of about 35 million individuals across the country. FM 103 is not Just for a particular class, age group, segment or language but it aims to entertain and inform every segment of our society. FM 103 play the music of all genres like rock, pop, classical etc. also keep people updated from its news bulletin. Mast FM 103 also has achieved brand of the ear award in 2009 which was the proof of tremendous success and hard work of its management, anchors, RJs, DJs and other technicians. LIST OF PROGRAMS ON MAST FM 103: ANCHOR NAME SHOW TIMINGS ZULFIQAR ALI SHAH Mehran rung wid zulfiqar ali shah Sun(l ti13pm ) 2. AKMAAM SALEEM 1 . Drive to Midnight 2. Gabbalay 10-12am Fridays 8-10pm Saturdays 3. SYED AZHAR HUSSAIN Cafe Karachi Wednesday Saturday(2:OOam to 04:00am ) 4. DR. EJAZ WARS Voice of 103 sat and sun 10 till 11 pm 5. AFZAL SAHIR Mau] Mela Friday 4. 30 to 6pm HASN NAVEED AFRIDI 1. Midnight fungama with midnight traveler- taaron bhari raat 2. Ring and swing . Love connection 4. Beats and bites Thursday 12am 12pm 2pm Tuesday, wed sat 4-6 pm 7. 12am- 2 am HAMMAD ISMAEEL Mast morning with Hammad Ismaeel Thursday loam- 12 pm and Friday sat 8am to loam 8. SAHIR LODHI The sahir show Monday Friday 8 pm to IOpm 9. RJ ZIA KHAN 1 . Pakhtoonkhwa Guloona 2. Mast drive time sun 9 am- llam 4- 6 Thursday 10. RJ FIZZA AHSAN 1 . lts My Way The High Way 2. weekend morning 11. ABU RASHID Hyde park with abu Rashid and bilu baht Tuesday and Wednesday 12-2 night 12. LEENA SHAH 1 . Romance Over doze 2. Dil Ki FIR 4 . 1ive love and laugh with leena 5. siyasi adakaar Friday night at 2 Sunday Night at 2 Tuesday Night at 2 Wednesday night at 8 Monday Tuesday 3pm 13. RJ SHOAIB AHMED 1 . The Sunset Show 2. Morning Buzz 3. Food for Soul 4. Shoaib in control 6PM (Monday Friday) 8AM (Wednesday) 12PM Afternoon (Saturday) 12pmsaturday 14. RJ NAJIA AHMED 1 . Dareechay 2. Meter Down Sunday (10:00pm to 12:00pm ) Tuesday (6:00 to 8:00 pm ) Wednesday (6:00 to 8:00 pm ) 15. HADI SYED RJ on Mast FM 103 Wednesday : 12 to 2am Friday : 2 to 4am RJ FATIMA ZEHRA 1 . HouseFull 2. MP3 3. Status Update 4. Humshehri Mondays 6pm Wednesdays 4pm Saturdays.. 4pm Saturdays. 3 pm ANALYTICAL OVERVIEW OF FM 103: CONTENT: The programs of FM 103 are unique in its content and value the diversity in our society by offering varieties of programs. Their programs not only focus on one genre of people but cover all sorts of topic such as awareness programs, entertainment, information, health issues etc. Also like TV Must morning with Hammad and Bhazma- e-ghazal programs in night are also aired on it. Thus people from different backgrounds can also entertain and get benefit from it. LANGUAGE: Pakistan is the country where people speak variety of languages that is Urdu, English, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pushto, Balochi etc. herefore, on keeping in view this also FM 103 aired on its transmissions in mix languages. But as we all know that Urdu is our mother tongue and English is another widely speaking language in our country that is why still in the presence of these languages most of the people in Pakistan prefer Urdu and English. So on FM 103 during broadcasting of their programs mostly Urdu medium is utilizing for conveying messages while English and other regional languages are also used as according to the preferences of public. MUSIC: As people are found of music therefore playing of music on different channels has becomes a trend. Also FM 103 follows this trend; they not only play Pakistani pop music but as well as Indian, UK bhangra pop, latest songs of movies, ghazals and folk songs are also played for listeners of all ages. Furthermore, they play music according to the theme of their shows also they try to adjust their song list according to the time of the day like in afternoon different music and at night time different music are playing. While in some programs viewers choice of song are also take in account dunng live calls. QUIZES, COMPETITIONS GREETINGS: The things which make its shows unique from others are their numerous ompetition, quizzes and valuable gift offering which create an interest in listeners and make them to stick with it. Moreover TWINKLE TWINKLE TODAY STAR of one minute duration also runs time to time in which they not only wish the birthdays to the peoples related to that day but also tells them of their star qualities. 5. NEWS: Mast FM 103 is not at all Just about entertainment it is also a source of information with 19 hourly news bulletins that is LATEST NEWS ON FM 103 being aired from 06. 0 a. m. till 12 a. m. They also provide news bulletin after every half an hour in the about the current national and international affairs. Moreover weather update and sports are the regular features of their news. OTHER INFORMATION: Not only they provide information about current updates but they also provide special reports, short documentaries and sports programs to keep their listeners informative and updated about what is happening in the world. Also these programs are presented by some most popular presenters of FM community. While in time of trouble in the city (heavy rain, coming of rallies on road, bomb blast etc. ) they guide viewers about traffic Jam and also advised them to opt alternatives path to reach to their destiny easily. FAN FOLLOWING: No doubt that FM 103 has a huge fan of following and also many people take interest in their programs. This fact is proved from vast number of calls, SMS and Facebook messages received by the DJs and RJs of any show. The choice of programs, hosts, guests presenting and addressing various issues and topics by the viewers indicate the extensive effort put in by the team of the station. SPONSOR SHOWS: FM 103 also gives airtime to their sponsors. Many programs are still running by different sponsor such as state life insurance sponsor HAPPY LIFE WITH STATE LIFE PROGRAM, Haft roza hum sheri magazine sponsor HUM SHEHRI SHOW and Olpers ponsor TANHAYYA DRAMA etc. The time duration of these programs may range from half an hour to one hour while during these programs they also run advertisement of the sponsors. ADVERTISMENT: In this contemporary era, in order to full fill the budget of their programs advertisement is considered necessary. Therefore, during running of the programs advertisements are also giving on break. But, we know that everything has a limit and if it surpasses its limit than it become intolerable. Like that happens in FM 103 as during running of their programs they also ran advertisement for long time and also epeat it again and again which annoys the listeners very much. ANCHORS: As we know that most of the people tuned to FM in order to listen their favorite anchors that is DJs and RJs programs due to their unique voice or style of talking. Here on FM 103 famous RJs and DJS such as Hasni naveed afridi, abu Rashid, shoaib ahmed etc are also present which not only grab the attention of viewers by their unique style but people can also appreciate them from their live calls and also on Facebook the fans of these anchors like their pages and also give suggestions to make their programs better. While on the dark side some anchors also present which only focus on their programs rating and not focus on the content of the programs. APNA KARACHI FM 107: Apna Karachi is a Pop radio station. It is broadcasted in Karachi, Pakistan. Apna Karachi 107 is here here to stay in your hearts, in your minds; buzzing freely in the air for us to enjoy anytime and anywhere in Karachi. The city of lights has now acquired yet another ideal to lighten itself even more and to make it glow even brighter. For the people of Karachi, we are Apna Karachi aik sau saath. Sub se alag sub ke saath From the city that drives the nation, appeared a new FM channel backed with a flaring creative talent base, we have Just the right ingredients to make Apna Karachi, your channel of choice. It is a very good and useful site for those who really wanted to know all about Karachi. It provides lot of information about Karachi. It gives latest news about different events that take place in Karachi as well as in Pakistan. ANALYTICAL OVERVIEW OF FM 107: CONTENT Apna Karachi FM 107 is the vast and famous channel among other stations. It transmit different sort of contents such as different type of Ads are played on it, pop usic, Ghazal programs, informative and comedy shows, the live transmission of cricket and news from all around the world all are broadcasted on Apna Karachi FM 107. SHOWS Apna Karachi FM 107 broadcast different programs including DIL YEHI MAANGTA with unstoppable soundtrack, aired daily for two hours, BHANGRA shows in which RJs used Punjabi language to entertain their listeners and play Punjabi song, where as FUNKY TUNKY is a comedy show which come on Thursday at around loam to 12pm contain different topics for their diverse audience and also the morning show TAAZA DUM played from garn to llprn. 3) QUICK UPDATES Along with news, quick updates about traffic Jam are also transmitted so people could not face any hurdles in reaching their destinations. They suggest people different path when they found traffic Jam on roads so that people didnt find any difficulty. 4) AWARENESS ABOUT DISEASES DURING COMMERCIAL BREAK Apna Karachi FM 107 is one of the most popular radio stations that is listen by number of people. With the passage of time it gives awareness about different diseases for instance Naegleria Fowler, Breast Cancer, Osteoporosis etc so, that eople could save themselves from such diseases. ) NEWS FM 107 brings a breeze of fresh air to the sound waves, making sure that this powerful medium reaches across to the listeners who crave foot tapping music, up to date news, engaging discussions and exciting road shows. It provides different sort of information. After every hour FM 107 provides news headlines in order to keep aware the people about the situation of the city. DUNYA NEWS and BBC in Urdu play an important with FM 107. DUNYA NEWS presents hourly news at daytime whereas, BBC provide morning and evening news. News updates are sponsored by elecommunication network Zong, Urdu language is used for all updates. ) ENTERTAINMENT FM 107 is the source of entertainment. Entertainment sector is wider here as FM 107 more focus on music, time to time it plays different songs such as old music, pop music, remix etc and also comedy shows such as BHANGRA, so that people didnt lose their interest and keep tune in. 7) LANGUAGE The language used by the RJs is simple and can be understood by anyone and they conduct it in such a way that people didnt get bore and show their keen interest, listen it, stay in and keep humming with the tunes of Apna Karachi FM 107. Usually

Vis-à-vis Has More Than One Use

Visvis Has More Than One Use Visvis Has More Than One Use Visvis Has More Than One Use By Maeve Maddox A French borrowing, visvis [VEEZ-uh-VEE] means literally, â€Å"face to face.† Visvis as a noun One meaning of visvis is â€Å"a political or diplomatic counterpart.† For example, a commenter in a Thai political forum refers to the US president as â€Å"Putin’s vis-a-vis in the White House.† Other meanings for visvis as a noun include â€Å"dancing partner,† â€Å"person seated opposite,† â€Å"conversational partner,† etc. Here are examples: No, replied  his vis-a-vis, with a falling inflection The man looked suspicious, and exchanged glances with  his vis-a-vis: both were middle-aged, and of the very middle class. She did not wish to  dance; she was faint- she had no  vis-a-vis. As a noun, visvis can also mean meeting, interview, or rendezvous: Thus, a  suitor  having a discreet  vis-a-vis with  his beloved would cautiously ascertain her fathers whereabouts Visvis as an adverb The literal meaning is implicit in the use of visvis as an adverb, like this example from a movie site: All the star teams dancing efforts are honeys. Miss Rogers in this one goes beyond the role of dancing vis-a-vis for Astaire and emerges as a corking stepper in her own right. Note: This quotation uses for, but to and with are more common when the adverb takes a preposition: â€Å"dancing vis-a-vis to Astaire,† â€Å"seated vis-a-vis with her uncle.† Here are two more examples of adverbial use: Dancing vis-a-vis  they again sidestepped and each position was repeated five or six times. The design represents two females,  seated, vis-a-vis, upon chairs without  backs. Visvis as an adjective In cruising the Web for examples to use in this post, I came upon a Mercedes advertisement for the Ares Atelier, S Class XXL. The description boasts â€Å"Vis-a-vis first class seats.† These are seats arranged so that passengers face one another. Visvis in corporate-speak Visvis is frequently met in writing about government and business, in which the term is used to mean regarding, concerning, relating to, compared with, with respect to, or re. Here are examples of this usage: History of US policy vis-a-vis Cuba inconsistent at best That’s one of the reasons the President made the decision he made vis-a-vis US companies in the telecommunications area. Moscow has visibly hardened its stance vis-a-vis the West even as President Vladimir Putin arrived in Milan late Thursday for the ASEM summit With the rise of Spender and Whitlam as dominant influences in the early 1950s, Australia’s policy became marked by an emphasis on the distinct nature of moral human rights  vis-a-vis  legal human rights. Note: The OED, Merriam-Webster, and The Chicago Manual of Style all show visvis with the accent, but most of the examples I found were written without an accent. The expression is not italicized. The use of visvis to mean â€Å"with respect to† seems to me to be an unnecessary obfuscation and waste of the â€Å"face-to-face† sense. Writers who desire to decorate their writing with a French expression that means â€Å"with regard to† or â€Å"in respect of,† can always fall back on apropos. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)In Search of a 4-Dot Ellipsis20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing

Analyse the ways in which sociologist point to the social nature of Essay

Analyse the ways in which sociologist point to the social nature of living with cancer as a teenager - Essay Example This is the moment that human beings use to plan for their future lives and school life. It is also the most vibrant stage in the human lifecycle because teenagers experience major changes in their bodies and they discover who they are i.e. their personality traits, likes and dislikes. Teenagers are also highly active and interactive thereby developing a large social network. However, this is not always the case with teenagers suffering from cancer. The diagnosis, treatment and management of cancer greatly interfere with the activities of this critical growth stage (Wawsczczyk 2005). According to sociologists this is the stage in life where teenagers learn to be independent from their parents and family members thereby focusing more on their future. However, this is not possible for teenagers suffering from cancer because they need utmost support, attention and care from their parents and family members for emotional, psychological and social support. Therefore, such teenagers are taken a step back from discovering their independence, potential, strengths and weaknesses (Kleinman1988). Also the school life, social life and employment are put on hold for an unknown period of time, which is in contrast to what should be happening in their lives. This is because they become isolated from their peers, adults and school; which is an important social setting for a child’s growth. Cancer treatment is too severe for them to concentrate in school work or find lenient jobs that are conducive to their state of health. It is also quite common for insurance companies to cancel insurance policies for such teenagers because they are not in school. Insurance companies demand that all children still living under the care of their parents should be attending school to enjoy the benefits of the life insurance policies taken by their parents (Wawsczczyk 2005). Various surveys and research conducted by sociologists

Explaining a concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Explaining a concept - Essay Example Perennialism can be understood to be the â€Å"conservative† approach in that it argues that the same tried and true methods and subject matter should continue to be taught to the next generation of students do the fact that it is both tried and true and has informed the preceding generations. On the other hand, progressivism takes the more â€Å"liberal† approach in positing that individuality, progress, and change are key cornerstones of a truly great education (Labaree 281). As a means of providing an explanation for the concept of progressivism, this brief paper will to approach this particular educational approach in a way which will seek to shed light on whether such a concept is in fact the best concept to engage students with and to provide a higher degree of educational success and interaction. The progressivist concept of education places a high degree of emphasis upon the experience of the individual as well as the changing ways in which new material and old material alike can help to better hone the quality of education that the student is able to achieve. At its core, the concept engenders the belief that individuals will most benefit by studying those materials which most directly impact upon their own lives. Although such an approach is most certainly less concrete than that of the perennialist’s approach to education, it nonetheless is able to take into account the transforming needs that our society and the world in general is placing upon the educational system and the individual student. A secondary component of the concept is the understanding that it is necessarily a more visual concept than that of the perennialist’s approach. This is mainly due to the fact that the perennialist’s approach hinges upon the primary data sources and methods of learning that have been in existence since the dawn of knowledge. However, the fact of the matter is that these rather stodgy and non-visual means to engage the pupil have

Motivation Learning Strategies In The Classroom

Motivation Learning Strategies In The Classroom Motivation is an important drive in our life if we dont have any motivating we will face many difficulties in our road. You can say that learning without motivation is as food without salt. So each person in this life need motivation to continue his/ her life because motivation helps us to be more affective on our society. We can do many things in a right road if we have motivation. Motivation is a powerful to do the best thing in daily life. Introduction Motivation is one of the most used words in teaching today, usually in the phrase, How can I motivate these kids? it is also a very misunderstood process. Motivation is important for people life. It plays a main role in almost everything we do. If we dont have motivation in our life, we would simply not care about many things such as outcomes, means, education, success, failure, etc. As you know people are different, so also their motivations have to be different. There are types of motivations that may some people care about it and other doesnt care. In my research, I focus on the definition of motivation, types of motivation, theories of motivation, etc.. Statement of the problem: I study the motivation learning strategies in the classroom which is important to help students to learn English. Some students dont have any motivation to complete their studying and they dont care about learning. On the other hand, some students have big motivations to challenge the difficulty of learning life. Statement of purpose: I write this research that about motivation for some reasons, these are: To know the motivated students and non-motivated students at ADU. To know the factors that cause to make students less motivated. What motivation is ? Each person has his own definition of motivation. We dont have a specific definition for motivation. In fact its very difficult to define motivation. According Ezine (2009) the definition of motivation is to give reason, incentive, eagerness, or interest that causes a specific action or certain behavior. Motivation is present in every life function. Simple acts such as eating are motivated by hunger; education is motivated by desire for knowledge and so on. Motivators can be anything from reward to compulsion. Also, Brown (2001) defines motivation is the degree to which you make choices about goals to pursue and the effort you will devote to that pursuit. (p72). On my point of view motivation is as the driving force behind an action. This is probably the simplest explanation about motivation. So teachers consider the motivation as a tool to encourage learners to do something. Ellis defines motivation as referring to the labors which learners put into learning an L2 as a result of their need or want to learn. (1995). According to the Websters, to motivate means to provide with a motive, a need or desire that causes a person to act. Many researchers think motivation as one of the main elements that decide success in developing a second or foreign language; it determines the degree of active, personal participation in L2 learning. (Oxford Shearin, 1994). Types of motivation Motivation is what drives you to behave in a certain way or to perform a particular behavior. Its the strong reason that leads you to achieve something in your life. There are many types of motivation that can influence in you. These include the following: Primary or basic motivation This type of motivation needs the person to show self presentation. This include needs to show hunger, warmth, sex, thirst, avoidance of pain and other primary motivation which can influence in the persons behavior.(articlesbase,2005-2008) Secondary motivation This type of motivation is known in psychology as learned motivation. It can be different from person to another. It can be describe as a persons own sense of values and ways to keep moving in life. Many behaviors in secondary motivation are conscious ones. That is, a person consciously put in his mind a particular goal or result and acts in a similar way that brings them closer to that particular goal. What drives them to do or perform the goal is the longing for something which they do not have. This kind of motivation falls into two basic types, extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. (Articlesbase, 2005-2008) Extrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation involves the concept of rewarded behavior. This come, by particular types of activities or acting in a particular manner, you are rewarded by a desired ended result. Extrinsic motivation comes from the surrounding areas of the person. (Schunk|Pintrich|Meece, 2008) In teaching, teachers use this type a lot; they use it because they are obligated to. In schools, there are many types of students who do not have motivation. These types of students have many characteristics such as shyness, being afraid from the teacher and other characteristics. Here come the role of the teacher, the teacher support these students by using extrinsic motivation. For example, if the teacher notices that one student is not participating with his group. Then, he can support him by showing him how to act positively in the group, rewarded him etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Intrinsic motivation These types of motivation are less visible. Intrinsic motivation is when you want to do something (e.g. I want to write this report). Intrinsic motivation is internal. It happens when people are compelled to do something out of happiness, importance, or desire. For example, a student is motivated to get high grades (external motivation) but his desire to know about particular subject is intrinsic motivation. Getting high grades is the reward visible for other. For student, being able to master or being expert in a particular subject is a psychological reward for his desire to learn. (Pan, 2006) Intrinsic motivation can be described as invisible things arise from your depth telling you that you must perform the task which was assign to you. Intrinsic motivation differs from one person to another. Some students do not have the ability to express their thoughts, ideas and perspectives and here come the job of teachers. Teachers should provide their students with intrinsic motivation to achieve the determined goals. However, there are some students who have the ability to act positively inside the class room and sometime their intrinsic motivation surprise the teachers. Intrinsic motivation and motivation based on extrinsic rewards are, to some degree, in competition with each other. Research has shown that under certain situations, offering extrinsic rewards for engaging in tasks actually undermines intrinsic motivation. ( Stipek, 2002, p129) Principles of motivation learning strategies There are some basic principles of motivations exist that are appropriate to learning in any situation. According to Weller, (2005) the principles of motivations are: The students attention depends on the environment that can be used to focus on what needs to be learned. Teachers can make atmospheres that help students to get persistent effort and positive attitudes toward learning. So the good teachers usually try to create warm and accepting environment that help students to be more motivated that will make them learn better. I think this strategy will be successful in both children and adults. Interesting visual tools, like pictures, posters, brochures, or practice tools, motivate students by capturing their curiosity and attention. Incentives motivate learning. Incentives contain human rights and receiving admire from the teacher. The teacher decides an incentive that is likely to motivate an individual at an exacting time. In a general, I think without rewards in self-motivation, learning situation will not succeed. As you know each student must find satisfaction in learning based on the understanding that the goals are useful to them or, less commonly, based on the pleasure of discovering new things. Internal motivation is longer lasting and more self-directive than is external motivation, which must be frequently reinforced by admire or concrete rewards. Some people, mainly children of certain ages and some adults, have little capability for internal motivation and must be guided and reinforced constantly. The use of incentives is based on the principle that learning occurs more effectively when the student experiences feelings of satisfaction. Caution should be exercised in using external rewards when they are not absolutely necessary. Their use may be followed by a refuse in internal motivation. Learning is most effective when an individual is ready to learn, that is, when one wants to know something. The teachers role sometimes is to encourage its development and sometimes the students readiness to learn comes with time. If a desired change in behavior is urgent, the teacher may need to supervise directly to ensure that the desired behavior happened. I think that a student may not be reliable in following instructions and therefore must be supervised and have the instructions repeated again and again, if he/she is not ready to learn. Motivation is enhanced by the way in which the instructional material is organized. In fact, the information can be meaningful if the material organized to the individual. One technique of organization includes relating new tasks to those already known. Other ways to communicate meaning are to decide whether the persons being taught understand the final result desired and teach them to compare and contrast ideas. Theories of motivation: Most of motivation theorists believe that motivation is related in the performance of all learned responses. This mean, a learn process cannot occur unless it is energized. The common question among psychologists is, whether motivation a primary or secondary influence on the learner behavior. Psychologists believe that motivation is associated with the learner behavior. (Huitt, 2001) There are many theories of motivation, learners use different types of theories to accomplish their goals but I focus on two of these theories include: behavioral, cognitive etc Behavioral: According to some psychologist, all process of motivation stands on the behavior of the learner. Actually the learner works on the sequences, the learner put the sequences as the primer goal. For example, I want to get A in professional ethics. Since the learner determines this goal in his mind, he will work on that goal until he achieves it. (Huitt, 2001) A behavioristic psychologist like Skinner or Watson would stress the role of rewards in motivating behavior. In Skinners operant conditioning model, for example, human beings, like other living organisms, will pursue a goal because they perceive a reward for doing so. A behaviorist would define motivation as the anticipation of reinforcement Reinforcement theory is a powerful concept for the classroom. Learners, like the proverbial horse running after the carrot, pursue goals in order to receive externally administered rewards: praise, gold stars, grades, certificates, diplomas, scholarships, happiness, etc. (Brown, 2001, p 73) Cognitive: There are many motivational theories that follow their roots to the information processing approach of learning. There was a theory called attribution theory, this theory implies that every learner tries to find a reason for success or failure of self and others. The learner tries to use some certain attribution to find out what was the wrong in his behavior. The attributions could be internal or external and it could be under control or not under control. (Huitt, 2001) In teaching environment, it is important to help the learner to develop a self- attribution for his behaviors. We have different types of students; some students love to learn about anything and others are not. Otherwise, we should help the learner to make attributions. Being able to make attributions will raise the performance of the learner. When I move to the college, I see two types of learners. The first type is, when they get a high or low grade; they make some kind of attribution like why did I get this grade, the teacher is not fair etc And others say, it was my fault, next time I will study hard etc These attributions enable the learners to higher their performance and make some kind of follow up. Otherwise, attribution theory is important for both students and teachers and teachers should teach their students how to do attribution. Maslows hierarchy of needs Abraham Maslow (1995-2009) is considered as the most influential writer in the area of motivation. Maslow divided the hierarchy of human needs into two groups: deficiency needs and growth needs. In deficiency needs, the learner must move through the lower level before the upper one. The eight levels are organized as the following order: Physiological Safety/ security Belongingness and love Esteem Cognitive Aesthetic Self- actualization Self- transcendence Every one of us is motivated by needs. The human being inherited the love of needs from thousands of years. Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs help us to know how these needs motivated us. Maslow (1995-2009) says that we should satisfy each need. We should start with the lower level and then move to the upper level. Consequently, if we are satisfy by the lower level of needs, we dont have to concern about the upper level. So its a kind of self enrichment. Literature review: There are many researchers who study the motivation, the types of motivations, the theories of motivation, motivation of learning strategies, etc. I mention that some researchers who are:  ¤ Harter (1981) assumed that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation was negatively correlated.  ¤ Generally speaking, extrinsic motivation means external causality based on the perceived locus of causality, which was suggested by Heider (1958), deCharms (1968/1983), and Deci and Ryan (1985).  ¤ Lepper et al. (1997) found a decrease in intrinsic motivation with age, but no evidence of an increase in extrinsic motivation. Methodology: I distributed 20 questionnaires for the ADU female students. My questionnaire include 10 questions, each question has 4 or 5 parts. Each student should select agree or disagree about each statement. This questionnaire studies that ADU students motivation and does the ADU students motivated or not. I found different result because I distributed my questionnaire to different students some students are in second year, some are in third year and other in forth year. Finding result: In first part of my questionnaire, I found that 70% of the ADU students, when they study they practice saying the material to themselves over and over but I found 30% of students who dont agree with this statement. 70% of the students at ADU that mean our university have lots of students who take care for their studying and have motivation to review their material. I found that 65% of the students when studying for classes, they read their class notes and the course reading over and over. I found that also 35% of the students who dont like to read their class notes. I think that each student should read his/her class notes over and over to be more familiar with this material and may he/ she understand it better. I found that 60% of the students memorize key words to remind them of important concepts when they study but 40% of the students may dont have ability to memorize key words. It is important thing that students try as possible as they can to memorize key words that will help them in their learning process. Students should try to motivate themselves by putting the aim in the front of their eyes. Also I found that 60% of the students when they study, they usually make lists of important words and learn by heart these words. I mean they memorize the lists. I found that 40% of the students who dont like to make lists of important terms and memorize it. As my experience I write a list of new vocabulary and I put it on the door of my room. So when I want to go out I look at this list and I read these vocabularies. This way helps me to remember these vocabularies. In the second part of my questionnaire, I found that 60% of the students who agree with this statement I often find myself questioning things I hear or read in this classes to make a decision, if I find them persuasive but I found that 40% of the students who disagree with this statement. This statement applies on me, I often find myself asking questions about what I hear and read in my classes. I found that 60% of the students who disagree with this sentence When a theory, understanding, or conclusion is obtainable in class or in reading, I try to make a decision if there is good supporting evidence. I found that 40% of the students who agree with this sentence. I treat the course material as a starting point and try to expand my own ideas about it. I found that 70% of the students who agree with this statement but I found that 30% of the students who disagree with this statement. I think this statement is completely true because If we treat the course material from the beginning and try to think more and say our own ideas about it, that help use to learn and understand the course material better. This way help students to be more motivated in all their courses materials. In third part of my questionnaire, I found that 65% of the students who prefer course material that really challenges them so they can learn new things but I found that 35% of the students who dont care about this kind of material if it challenges them or not. Students who prefer material that challenge them, they have motivation to learn new things and get new information and data. I want to say for the 35% of the students you dont have intrinsic motivation so please try to change your thoughts, feelings, ideas, etc about that and try to make intrinsic motivation in your heart. I found that 75% of the students who dont prefer course material that arouses their curiosity. I found that 25% of the students only who prefer course material that arouses their curiosity, even if it is difficult to learn. This result really overtakes me because most of students like to look over the new things and they have curiosity to know more things. The most of ADU students want to take the information or data without searching or tying to find it. They like to get it from their instructors. I think that also because some students dont have enough motivation that may help them to change their thought about that. I found that 80% of the students who agree with this statement trying to understand the content as thoroughly as possible is the most satisfying thing for me in classes but other students at ADU disagree with this statement. It is great percentage of the students who are trying to understand the content in classes. I found that 65% of the students when they have options, they choose course assignments that they can learn from even if they dont guarantee a suitable grade. I found that 35% of the students who dont. In fourth part, I found 85% of ADU students, the most satisfying thing for them right now is getting a good grade but other students dont care for getting a good grade, they just want to pass and finish courses as soon as they can. I think that students should think about the grade and the benefit of the course at same time. I found 65% of students want to get better grades than most of other students but 35% of students dont want to challenge other students. It is a good thing that students at ADU want to challenge other students to get better grades. Students who have this thought, I think they have a good motivation of learning. I found that 70% of the students want to do well in the course because it is important to show their ability to their families, friends, relatives, or others. I found that 30% of the students it is not important to show their ability to their families, friends, or others. I think that students who like to show their abilities to their families, friends, etc, they have motivation to study more to get good grades. In fifth part, I noticed that 65% of the students believe they will receive an excellent grade in the class and 35% of the students dont agree with this believe. This believe is completely true and all students should agree with it. I think that when students put in their mind that they are good students and they can get an excellent grade, they will get it because they have intrinsic motivation and they encourage themselves. I found that 50% of the students agree and 50% of the students disagree with this statement Im certain I can understand the most difficult material obtainable in the readings for the course. I wished that find more than this percentage because students should encourage themselves to simplify the difficult material and try as much as they can to understand this material. I found that 75% of the students confident they can understand the essential concepts taught in the course. I found that 25% of the students dont confident they can understand the essential concepts. I noticed that 50% of the students confident they can understand the most complex material obtainable by the instructor and 50% of the students not. I think that 50% of students who cannot understand the material, they should ask their instructor and please each student should not be shy. I found that 70% of the students confident they can do an excellent work on the assignments and tests in the course and other students at ADU dont agree with that. This point let us to know there are many motivated students at ADU because they usually try to do the best to get a good job on the assignments or tests in any course. In the sixth part, I found that 55% of the students when they take a test they think about how poorly they are doing compared with other students but I noticed that 45% of the students dont think about that. This thought appears from non-motivated student. He/she usually afraid about the score and he/she think that he/she gets low score than other. So each student should try to change this thought and be more motivated. I found that 80% of the students when they take a test they think about the items on other parts of the test they cant answer and 20% of the students dont care about that. I am sure students who think like that, they will face difficulty to answer other questions because all their thought will be with the parts they cant answer it. This also will effect of the score because most of time they will waste for thinking about the difficulty of the some questions. 80% of the students is a big percentage and we want to decrease it. The motivated student only can deal with this problem because he/she usually dont think like other students. I noticed that 55% of the students, when they take test also they think of the consequences of failing and 45% of the students dont think of consequences of failing. This thought is also not true because it may make students feel upset and disappointment to pass in the course. I found that 60% of the students at ADU when they take an exam, they dont feel upset but there are 40% of the students have an uneasy, upset feeling when they take an exam. I think that is good to get like this percentage of the students at ADU. That thing helps students to get good marks in an exam because they dont feel afraid and upset. I noticed that 65% of the students feel their heart breathing fast when they take an exam but 34% of the students dont. This feeling may dont let students to answer appropriately the questions even they know the answer. Sometimes I feel like this feeling specially when I dont prepare enough for the exam but we should try to deeper breathe before the exam time and say to ourselves we will answer all questions without any afraid and we will get a good marks. We should motivate ourselves. In the seventh part, I found that 80% of the students usually study in a place where they can concentrate on their course work and 20% of the students study anywhere. This factor is effect on learning process. Some students prefer to study in open places such as park, garden, sea, etc. I think that like these places where can help students to comprehend and understand better. I found that 55% of the students dont make good use of their study time but there are 45% of the students make good use of their study time. As you know time is very important to make everything good especially at learning process. If you manage your time appropriately, you will get what you want in the appropriate time. I found that 50% of the students agree and 50% of the students disagree of this statement I get it hard to stick to study schedule. I found that 75% of the students have a usual place set aside for studying and 25% of the students dont like to set in one place for studying. I found that 55% of the students make sure they continue with the weekly readings and assignments for their courses but there are 45% of the students dont. I found that 75% of the students are present at class frequently but 25% of the students at ADU dont. I noticed that 70% of the students rarely find time to review their notes or reading before an exam. There is 30% of the students find time to review the notes before an exam. I think that each student will at manage his/her time to get a chance to review his/her notes before an exam but unfortunately 70% of students who didnt try to organize their time accuracy. In the eighth part of my questionnaire, I found that 65% of the students often feel so lazy or bored when they study that they quit before they finish what they planned to do but others dont feel lazy or bored about that. I notice that 75% of the students work hard to do well even if they dont like what we are doing. The 25% of the students dont work hard especially if they dont like what there are doing. I found that 65% of the students agree and 35% disagree with this statement When course work is hard and difficult, I quit or only study the easy parts. I suggest for each student to try as much as her/she can to simplify the difficult part by asking his/her instructor or friends and dont ignore the difficult thing because may it will coming in his/her an exam. I found that 70% of the students, when course materials are dull and uninteresting, they manage to keep working until they finish. In the ninth part, I found that 70% of the students, when studying for a class, they often try to clarify the material to a colleague or a friend but 30% of the students dont. I noticed that 55% of the students usually try to work with their colleagues or other students to complete the course coursework or homework and 45% of the students dont like to work other students to complete assignments. They like work alone and they dont need others help. I found that 60% of the student at ADU when studying for a class, they dont to set aside time to discuss the course material with a group of students from the class. I found that 40% of the students often set aside time to discuss the material with a group of the students. At the final part, I noticed that 85% of the students, even if they have difficulty of learning the material in a class, they try to do the work on their own, without help from anyone. I found that 15% of the students only who try to do the work with help from others if they have difficulty of learning the material in a class. I found that 80% of the students ask the instructor to clarify concepts they dont understand well and 20% of the students dont ask the instructor about that may they fill of ask their friends or not. I think students should ask the instructor. When I dont understand the material in a course, I ask another student, in this class for help me to understand by this statement 50% of the students agree and 50% of the students dont agree. Some students at ADU like to deal with their colleagues if they want help but 50% of the students dont like to ask others to help them. I found that 60% of the students try to identify students in their classes whom they can ask for help if necessary but others dont. As you see I found some students at ADU who motivated more than others. After I get this result I write some recommendation for both teachers and students. CONCLUSION To summarize, the motivation can play roles in learning process. Motivation is appropriate tool to achieve your goals so we should give us a motivation to do thing whether it is difficult or not. Also, motivation is the power to do thing as soon as possible. I think that if you dont have intrinsic motivation that comes within, you will dont also has extrinsic motivation. Recommendations At the end, I want to give teachers, designer of protocol and students some recommendations. For teachers: Teachers should try to motivate their students by using different techniques that may help them to show their abilities and skills, for example, if the student make mistake, the teacher shouldnt punish him/her because the punishment may affect negatively on his/her feeling and attitude. This thing will let student to be passive rather than active and he/she doesnt want to share his/her ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc. Teachers should make different activities that make learning fun and interesting. So that will help students to be more motivated to learn and attend the class regularly. Teachers also should give students freedom to express their ideas, thoughts, etc because this thing may increase a will to learn. Teachers should start their class by smiling because students will be more comfort and happy to take this course with teacher like that. Also, teachers who more active and interest in the class, will help students to be more motivated. I notice that ADU students feel disappointment if the score of the first exam is bad so I recommend the teachers to give a chance for improving their scores such as makeup that includes (another quiz, assignment, homework, etc). For students: Students should be motivated in the learning process and their daily life. Students should read their class notes and the course reading over and over to be more motivated in the classroom. Students try to choose that arouses their curiosity, even if it difficult to learn. If the student doesnt have motivation, he should try to do something that will help him/her to be motivated, for example, put some aims that he/ she should achieved.