temperature on the activity of liver

temperature on the movement of liver Presentation: Catalase is a typical catalyst found in living and it goes about as a defensive system for fragile biochemical hardware of cells. The compound catalyzes the exothermic decay of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. 2 H2O2 â†' 2 H2O + O2 Hydrogen Peroxide is a result delivered by many living beings during the procedure of digestion. Hydrogen Peroxide is a harmful substance (a force oxidizing specialist) to cells and must be separated so as to shield the cells from ensuing harm. Point: The point of the trial is to explore the impact of differing temperature has on the pace of protein catalyzed response. The engaged response is the decay of hydrogen peroxide with the protein catalyze. The nearness of catalase can be exhibited by dropping a little bit of new liver tissue into weaken hydrogen peroxide arrangement. In this analysis, bits of liver tissue will be placed into various temperatures of water for 5 minutes. After that the liver tissues will be set into discrete arrangements of hydrogen peroxide and the measure of oxygen gas created in brief will be estimated utilizing a gas syringe. Theory: Temperature is an estimation of the level of hotness or frigidity of a body or condition. All the more explicitly, it is a proportion of dynamic vitality in an example of issue. On a sub-atomic level, temperature is the consequence of movement of particles which make up a substance. As the temperature builds, the movement additionally increments. The movement might be because of outside vitality applied to the molecule of inward vitality from the vibration of the molecule. As temperature is expanded, atoms have expanded dynamic vitality and responses among them and the likelihood that the particles will slam into one another will likewise be more noteworthy, this expanding the pace of response. In substance responses, for each 10 °C ascent in temperature, the pace of response roughly duplicates. This property is known as the temperature coefficient of a compound response. Anyway in a catalyst catalyzed response the impact of temperature is increasingly intricate, for proteins chang e shape by heat. There are numerous variables that can influence the structure of a protein, for example, temperature and ph. At the point when a protein is presented to warm, it makes the iotas vibrate fiercely, breaking and upsetting securities inside the protein, accordingly changing the substance attributes of the protein. I estimate that as the temperature of the water shower that the liver tissue is uncovered builds; the measure of oxygen gas freed will likewise increment up. I accept that there will be an ideal temperature for the protein and going pass the ideal level will cause an extraordinary decline in compound action (less oxygen gas will be created). Since catalase is found in practically all living things, including people, I anticipate that the ideal temperature for catalase will be Factors: Autonomous Variable Temperature of water shower liver tissue is put In ( °C) Dependant Variable Volume of oxygen created in a moment (ml/min) Controlled Variable Centralization of the Hydrogen Peroxide Volume of Hydrogen Peroxide Mass of liver tissue The centralization of hydrogen peroxide must be kept consistent in light of the fact that as indicated by the Collision Theory proposed by Max Trautz and William Lewis in 1916 and 1918, expanding the focus, builds the odds of particles hitting one another. The volume of hydrogen peroxide ought to likewise be kept steady. Expanding the volume of hydrogen peroxide increment the substrate focus and along these lines expanding the pace of response. At long last the mass of liver tissue ought to likewise be kept steady to attempt control the measure of protein particles present. Expanding the quantity of compounds implies there are progressively dynamic destinations present and substrate particles don't need to â€Å"queue up† for access to a functioning site. At last expanding compound fixation can likewise bring about an expansion in pace of response in this manner the mass of the liver tissue ought to likewise be controlled. Hardware: Hardware Amount Notes Computerized Stop Watch 1 Thermometer 1  ± 0.5 °C Computerized Balance to two decimal spots 1  ± 0.01g Funnel shaped Flask 7 250ml Measuring utencil 1 500ml (for water shower) Gas Delivery Tube 1 Gas Syringe 1  ±0.5ml Answer stand 1 Clip 1 Chief 1 Seat Mat 2 Security Goggles 1 Deionized Water Bottle 1 Parcel of Ice 1 Utilized for temperature beneath 30 °C Matches 1 Used to light Bunsen Burner Synthetic compounds - Dilute Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 1 Fixation (2M) Volume (800ml) Security Note: Eye assurance ought to be worn consistently On the off chance that fluid gets into eye, flood the eye with a delicate running tap for 10 minutes and look for clinical consideration In the event that hydrogen peroxide is spilt in the lab, spread it with mineral permeable. Weaken with water and wash fluid. Hydrogen peroxide ought to be put away in a dull earthy colored container and care must be taken while expelling the top as it is conceivable that weight may have developed inside it. Technique: Draw up a reasonable table or tables to record the outcomes. Painstakingly cut 7 bits of bovine liver tissue utilizing a blade and a cutting mat. Gauge each bit of liver tissue cautiously on the electric parity. Ensure every liver tissue weighs generally around 0.5 grams. Spot every liver tissue into a different bubbling cylinder and add 40ml of deionized water to each bubbling cylinder once the liver tissue is arranged at the base of the bubbling cylinder. Spot the warming mat on the table with the tripod on the warming mat. Tenderly spot the bandage on the tripod. When this is done, place the measuring glass on the tripod and gradually heat up the water with a Bunsen burner. Spot a bubbling cylinder with a liver tissue test into the water and put a thermometer in the cylinder. Warmth the measuring utencil until liver example arrangement arrives at 70 °C. Measure temperature of water with a thermometer. From that point onward, cautiously measure out 100ml of hydrogen peroxide with an estimating chamber and move the answer for a 250ml funnel shaped jar. Interface one finish of the gas conveyance cylinder to the gas syringe and the other to the funnel shaped carafe Expel the liver tissue from the bubbling cylinder with a couple of tweezers and spot it into the funnel shaped flagon with the hydrogen peroxide. Rapidly plug the cone shaped carafe once the liver tissue is dropped into the arrangement of hydrogen peroxide. Starting planning the time once the liver tissue contacts the hydrogen peroxide arrangement. Stop the stop watch following 1 moment and record the measure of gas delivered. Peruse off the gas syringe. At the point when the perusing is taken, evacuate the stopper and discard the hydrogen peroxide in the synthetic waste holder. Rehash the above strides until information focuses from 10 °C to 70 °C are recorded.. For readings underneath 30 °C, cool the liver tissue test with an ice shower. Outline: Results: Table of Results Volume of Gas Produced in a Minute (ml) Temperature ( °C) Preliminary 1  ±0.5ml Preliminary 2  ±0.5ml Preliminary 3  ±0.5ml Averageâ ±1 ml 20 32.0 33.0 35.0 33 30 40.0 36.0 41.0 39 40 45.0 47.0 50.0 47 50 54.0 52.0 54.0 53 60 63.0 60.0 65.0 63 70 43.0 37.0 40.0 40 80 4.0 2.0 4.0 3 Table 1.0 Raw Data Table 1.1 Qualitative Observations Temperature ( °C) Perceptions 20 Effervescene, delicate rising in arrangement 30 Effervescene, delicate rising in arrangement 40 More noteworthy foam, all the more rising in arrangement 50 Lively foam and percolating 60 Rough effervescene, vicious freedom of gas, rising in arrangement 70 Effervescene, delicate rising in arrangement 80 Rising in arrangement Diagram 1.0 Temperature and the Amount of Oxygen Liberated from Liver Tissue Sample Diagram 1.0 The chart above shows the connection between the temperature of the water shower the liver tissue test was put it and the measure of oxygen gas freed from the example subsequent to dropping it in weaken hydrogen peroxide in 1 moment. The diagram clearing shows that as the temperature builds, the measure of gas likewise increments up to 60 °C. From 60 °C onwards, the measure of oxygen gas created diminishes radically and there is a descending incline of the bend. Conversation: From the information acquired, there is an expansion of oxygen created as the temperature of the water shower increments. This pattern anyway just applies to the information focuses from 20-60 °C. At 70 °C in any case, there is a huge drop in the measure of oxygen gas delivered and at 80 °C, the measure of oxygen gas created is under 5ml. From the chart, the relationship is plainly spoken to. Up to about 60 °C the measure of oxygen gas created increments and ten-degree ascend in temperature is joined by 6-7ml increments in oxygen gas delivered. The measure of oxygen gas delivered decline at high temperatures as appeared from 70-80 °C. So as the temperature rises, the measure of compound dynamically diminishes and the measure of gas created is less. Because of these two impacts of warmth on catalyst, there is an evident temperature for a compound. Utilizing the chart, the ideal temperature of catalase is around at 60 °C. The properties of a protein extraordinarily relies upon its three dimensional state of the particle. Presentation to warm makes the particles vibrate viciously and this can cause securities inside the protein between various amino corrosive to break, bringing about lost the proteins natural properties. This is known as denaturation of a protein. Warming causes a proteins natural properties to change, for example, optical revolution, state of dynamic site and holding. The dynamic site of the compound is the thing that characterizes the protein. In the event that the dynamic site changes, the substrate atoms will not, at this point fit the dynamic site of the enzym

5 Forces Model of Verizon Essay

Verizon’s wireline business, which incorporates the tasks of the previous MCI, gives telephone utilities, including voice, broadband information and video administrations, arrange get to, across the country significant distance and different interchanges items and administrations, and furthermore claims and works one of the most far reaching start to finish worldwide Internet Protocol (IP) systems. Verizon’s local remote business, working as Verizon Wireless, gives remote voice and information items and administrations over the United States utilizing one of the most broad and dependable remote systems. The aftereffects of high serious weight could affect costs, edges, and henceforth, on productivity for each organization in the business. a. Run Nextel b. Cingular †AT&T remote c. T-Mobile d. AOL e. Qwest f. RBOCs g. COMCAST 4. Haggling Power of Suppliers †Low The term ‘suppliers’ involves all hotspots for inputs that are required so as to give merchandise or administrations. On the off chance that there is a market with much decision provider decision, bartering force will be less. There are many system gear providers, which are experienced the down telecom advertise. Having experienced advances additionally commoditize the items. All things considered, the bartering intensity of providers has been feeble. 5. Haggling Power of Customers †Low The dealing intensity of clients decides how much clients can force pressure on edges and volumes. Since a large portion of purchasers are little (private and independent venture clients), they don't have a lot of purchaser power. Huge enterprises are better situated to haggle for limits yet industry solidifications of SBC gaining AT&T and Verizon procuring MCI have altogether diminished the accessible lternatives for these companies and accordingly their exchange power. Nuisance Analysis A PEST examination is an examination of the significant variables that are changing which impact a business all things considered, these include: Political Factors †¢This incorporates government guidelines and lawful issues that characterize both formal and casual principles of the activity of Verizon. Financial Factors †¢This factor influences the buying intensity of purchasers and the Verizon’s cost of capital. Social Factors †¢Cultural and socioeconomics of nature would influence the customer’s needs just as potential market size. Mechanical Factors †¢This can bring down obstructions to passage, improve creation proficiency and impact redistributing choices. ? PoliticalEconomicalSocialTechnology Stability of the interior/outside political environmentEconomic growthPopulation development rate Automation Trading agreementsInterest ratesAge distributionTechnology impetuses work lawsInflation rateCareer attitudesRate of innovative change ecological regulationsBudget portion Perception of mechanical change inside the unit Trade limitations and tariffsThe level of swelling 5 Forces Model of Verizon Essay Verizon’s wireline business, which incorporates the tasks of the previous MCI, gives telephone utilities, including voice, broadband information and video administrations, organize get to, across the nation significant distance and different correspondences items and administrations, and furthermore claims and works one of the most extensive start to finish worldwide Internet Protocol (IP) systems. Verizon’s residential remote business, working as Verizon Wireless, gives remote voice and information items and administrations over the United States utilizing one of the most broad and solid remote systems. High for fixed-line, low for versatile/broadband A danger from substitutes exists if there are elective items with lower costs that are of better execution parameters for a similar reason. This might pull in a noteworthy extent of market volume and henceforth lessen the potential deals volume for Verizon. a. Vonage(Threat to Fixed Line administration) b. Skype(Threat to Fixed Line administration) 3. Serious Rivalry between Existing Players †High This power portrays the force of rivalry between existing players (organizations) in an industry. The consequences of high serious weight could affect costs, edges, and thus, on productivity for each organization in the business. a. Run Nextel b. Cingular †AT&T remote c. T-Mobile d. AOL e. Qwest f. RBOCs g. COMCAST 4. Bartering Power of Suppliers †Low The term ‘suppliers’ involves all hotspots for inputs that are required so as to give merchandise or administrations. In the event that there is a market with much decision provider decision, dealing force will be less. There are many system hardware providers, which are experienced the down telecom showcase. Having experienced innovations additionally commoditize the items. In that capacity, the haggling intensity of providers has been feeble. 5. Dealing Power of Customers †Low The haggling intensity of clients decides how much clients can force pressure on edges and volumes. Since a large portion of purchasers are little (private and independent venture clients), they don't have a lot of purchaser power. Enormous partnerships are better situated to haggle for limits yet industry combinations of SBC getting AT&T and Verizon obtaining MCI have essentially decreased the accessible lternatives for these companies and accordingly their arrangement power. Nonexclusive Strategy Verizon needs to cause the innovation clients to have today work better through new, client well disposed items, administrations, applications and arrangements. Just as to put resources into the broadband framework that will give clients far and away superior administrations later on. â€Å"Competitive bit of leeway can be gotten utilizing three conventional techniques; they are cost initiative, separation and core interest. †¢Cost Leadership oVerizon is required to contend on cost on the grounds that there are numerous remote administrators in Europe, lessen cost to expand memberships.

Before You Choose a Psychology Major

Before You Choose a Psychology Major More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers Choosing a college major is never easy, so how can you determine if majoring in psychology is the right choice for you? College students face a wide variety of options when selecting a major. Psychology is one of the most popular college majors today,?? but it isnt the best choice for everyone. If you are considering pursuing a degree in psychology, there are some important factors you should consider. Asking yourself these questions can help you determine if a career in psychology is suited to your lifestyle, personality, and professional goals. Do You Enjoy Working With Others? While there are many career options available to those with a psychology degree, the majority of graduates will work in the human services field.?? If you work in this area, the bulk of your time will be spent working one-on-one with individuals to change maladaptive behaviors or to teach life skills. If you love working with others and enjoy helping people, a psychology major might be an excellent option for you. What about students who love the subject matter but are not interested in working directly in mental health services? Fortunately, psychology is a remarkably diverse subject with a wide variety of career options. Other options outside of health and human services include research, teaching, and consulting. Can You Cope With Stress? Careers in human services can be both rewarding and challenging, but frustration and burnout are common. However, courses in counseling and stress management can help professionals deal with work-related tension. In addition to completing the basic coursework required by your program, you should also consider taking advantage of research and volunteer opportunities your school might offer. Contact the psychology department at your college or university to learn more about any hands-on experiences that might be possible. Do You Plan to Attend Graduate School? This question might just be one of the most important considerations of all. Graduates with a bachelor’s degree will find that job opportunities and salaries can be limited. Individuals with graduate degrees?? often work in research positions or in clinical settings. For example, if you want to work with clients as a clinical therapist, you will need a Ph.D. or Psy.D. in clinical psychology from an accredited university. While graduate school is a substantial commitment, the professional opportunities can make the effort worthwhile.?? What Are Your Interests? Do you enjoy solving practical problems, or do you prefer experimenting with different theoretical ideas? Before you decide on a psychology major, you need to consider your own personal preferences and interests. There are a number of sub-disciplines within the field of psychology, each with differing educational requirements. If you enjoy solving practical problems, you would be well suited for a career in human factors or industrial/organizational psychology. Have You Consulted With Your Academic Advisor? Before you decide on a psychology major, make an advisor appointment at your university. Your advisor will help you decide how your personality, interests, and preferences affect your suitability for certain jobs. Your advisor will also offer information on different career paths and specialty areas. Are You Taking Courses in Your Area of Interest? If you major in psychology, it is important to select a schedule of coursework that will advance your educational and professional goals. For example, if your goal is to work with children, your advisor will recommend courses in child development, educational psychology, and motivation management. A major in psychology offers many options suited for a variety of interests, and your educational plan can be tailored to meet your specific needs.

Energy Is The Best Option - 2071 Words

Energy. It is what drives our world. Humans have been producing energy for their own use for thousands of years. In the past century, the use of fossil fuels has become a key component of how America is fueled. While the use of fossil fuels has changed the landscape of the U.S.A., it is time to change the country’s energy orientation. Wind energy is the best option to begin to change electricity production for the future. Fossil fuel is quickly becoming more negative than positive. Many of its impacts, from causing climate change to polluting water supplies can be removed by transitioning to being powered by wind. Because of its longterm sustainability, lower negative environmental impact, and ability to benefit America’s economy, wind†¦show more content†¦As time goes on, and the wind keeps Ludtke 2 blowing, the ability that humans have to effectively capture this power is going to do nothing but increase. In the 1990s, this trend was especially strong with a 25.7% annual increase in wind energy production (â€Å"Wind Energy†). Growing the capacity to capture wind is key to its future as a viable energy source. Much of fossil fuel’s attraction is our immensely efficient ability to capture its energy. However, the energy efficiency of wind energy by itself, along with our increased future ability to capture its energy, legitimizes the claim that using wind for power in America is viable down the road. Looking ahead, America’s needs for energy are going to go up, while the availability of fossil fuels is going to go down. Conflicts over price and distribution of this fuel will grow. Even today, one can see price swings for petroleum and oil seemingly based purely on the whims of those producing it. If this energy was coming from the wind, a free and unending source of energy, foreign leaders and oil moguls would not be the ones dictating where energy comes from and how expensive it is. Instead, energy would be a much more stable, conflictfree point (â€Å"Renewable Energy Use†). This stability benefits everyone from governments to large corporations to individual fuel consumers. Governments rely less on imports and are better able to predict accurately energy needs and prices in the

Negative Effects Of The Industrial Revolution - 1665 Words

Many repercussions happened as a result of the Industrial Age. Technological advances are most often seen as â€Å"good† for society’s progress in being â€Å"successful†, but often there are advances that can hinder the lives of the peoples in these societies. During the Industrial Age (1750-1900), there were a plethora of new inventions and technologies that were produced. The revolution was seen around the world and helped many nations with economic growth. The British had a large growth in steam powered energy. With the coal industry boosting, the iron industry soon followed, as it became easier and cheaper to produce the new material of choice for building. The cotton industry also became the â€Å"paradigm† for many inventions and growth in the†¦show more content†¦(1) Most laborers worked long and hard for 10 to 14 hours a day, six days a week, with no paid vacation or holidays. These jobs also had serious safety hazards as well. For exampl e, iron working has a serious burn hazard or crushing a body part or in the case of working with machines. Machinery had many large, heavy moving parts, and these parts were often exposed, leaving disaster to strike at any time. A reporter from the time stated that â€Å"abandoned from the moment that an accident occurs; their wages are stopped, no medical attendance is provided, and whatever the extent of the injury, no compensation is afforded†. (1) This is vastly different from jobs today; companies are now liable for safety within the work environment. The only breaks that the workers would be given from the dark, hot, dangerous work, were a lunch and dinner break. Factories were usually lit only by sunlight shining through the windows which made the risk of injuries vastly more prevalent. Men, women, and children all worked in these factories, children working just as hard as adults in debatably more dangerous environments. Men usually received 10 cents an hour, women ea rned three to five cents an hour, and children were paid the roughly the same as women. Children made up two-thirds of Richard Arkwright’s spinning factory in 1789. (1) They were used for unskilled, simple jobs, or for fitting into small places, but often had physical deformations from the lack of exercise and sunlight.Show MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of The Industrial Revolution840 Words   |  4 Pages The Industrial Revolution had a negative impact on nations. Some reasons to support my claim is that factories had a big effect on children, it also impacted women and their wages and the environment. The Industrial Revolution had a negative effect on the children and women, and the reason it had a negative effect was that there were bad conditions that the children and women lived and worked in. 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This time was called the Industrial Revolution, where farms were being replaced for factories and technological advancements that would change the way of living for everyone. As with all significant events in history, there were positive and negative impacts that the Industrial Revolution had on the world. Despite all the technological advancements that were made during this time that brought economic prosperity to all, the Industrial Revolut ion has negative impacts that shaped our societyRead MorePositive and Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution1144 Words   |  5 PagesPositive and Negative Impacts of the Industrial Revolution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The Industrial Revolution was a change in the mid-18th  century from small scale, domestic production of goods to machine-based, mass production of goods. It is usually thought of as having mostly or only positive impacts on Europe. Although the revolution did have many positive impacts, it had its fair share of negative impacts as well. Some of the positive outcomes included the overall increase in production and value ofRead MoreThe Positive and Negative effects of the Industrial Revolution752 Words   |  4 PagesPositive and Negative effects of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution had many positive and negative impacts on society. The positive include cheaper clothes, more job opportunities, and improvement in transportation. And the negative would include exploitation of women and children, workers work long hours and environmental damages. These are just a few that I believe had an impact on the Industrial Revolution. England was an ideal place for the Industrial Revolution to begin.Read MorePositive and Negative Effects of Industrial Revolution Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesPositive and Negative Effects of Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 1700’s. 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These effects lead to more trade, better transportationRead MoreThe Positives And Cons Of The Industrial Revolution835 Words   |  4 PagesIs the Industrial Revolution as Good as We Think It Is? Bill Gates once said, â€Å"If you go back to 1800, everybody was poor. I mean everybody. The Industrial Revolution kicked in, and a lot of countries benefited, but by no means everyone.† The Industrial Revolution was a period in the 18th century led by Great Britain that had a major influence in agriculture, scientific studies, manufacturing, and transportation. As said by Bill Gates, even though the Industrial Revolution benefited many parties

Modern management Free Essays

If Dollar General wished to raise the prices of an item that was previously priced lower than their competitor, there are a number of steps they should take to maintain control of the process. Perdue has eased the control of prices by building in some slack in the pricing system to allow for raised prices. The first step is precontrol, in this case determination of the appropriate price – i. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern management or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. controlling price changes so that they can raise the price of the product without losing too many sales. This requires analysis of the price elasticity of the item in order to determine how much they can raise the price. The second step is concurrent control – communication of the new price to the stores, which may include provision of new price tags, communication through company channels such as email or generated reports, etc. and monitoring by managers to make sure the price changes are implemented. The third step, of feedback control, is monitoring the price change in order to make sure that the price change did not produce more than the accepted loss of sales as determined in step one.   These steps will allow the stores to implement a higher price on a previously lower-priced product. ‘The CEO should consider the relatively low sales at higher square footage stores to be a symptom of a problem, not a problem in and of itself. Dollar General’s store layouts and inventory assignments are tightly controlled and optimized for maximum efficiency and sales. However, most of their stores are smaller stores, averaging 7,000 square feet or less. This puts the larger stores at a disadvantage because they are carrying a mix of products that may not be optimal for the store size. This means that the lower sales per square foot is a symptom of a non-optimal inventory mix and layout superimposed on a larger store, not a problem in and of itself. While it should be solved, it can be solved indirectly by analyzing the inventory and layout needs of the larger stores rather than directly tackling the lower sales. A discount retailer such as Dollar General should use all three types of control (precontrol, concurrent control and feedback control) when attempting to control shrink. Precontrol can include such measures as establishing shrink management practices, such as careful cash control and cash handling training for employees, stock handling procedures, and security, in order to prevent common anticipated problems. Concurrent control, such as monitoring of security systems and active employee observation, can prevent shrink from shoplifting and excess employee waste. Finally, feedback control in the form of incentives such as bonuses or prizes for stores with low shrink percentages can help to reinforce the precontrol and concurrent control measures taken. Control measures are most effective when all potential routes of control loss are considered and actions are taken at the appropriate level to deal with them. It would not be appropriate or effective for a manager or other controller to attempt to poor cash handling after each incident   – it is more effective to develop policies that mandate teaching employees proper cash handling beforehand. 1. Information quality is the degree to which information represents reality. Information timeliness is the extent to which the receipt of information allows decisions to be made in a timely manner in order to allow the business to benefit from its use. Nike is using the information gained from its information systems to determine its required inventory levels, which are dependent on the projected demand for the product. This means that information quality is important because less than quality information could mean that Nike focuses its manufacturing and distribution efforts in less than optimal areas. The initial implementation of the information system generated more than $100 million in incorrect orders due to lack of information quality. Information timeliness is also important to Nike. Because the information system is tied to the manufacturing and distribution system, the timeliness of the information provided directly impacts the organization’s ability to produce and distribute the appropriate inventory. If the information is not provided in a timely manner, the manufacturing and sales may appear to be reactive rather than proactive, and Nike may miss the top of their demand curve because information was provided too slowly or because the system generated orders too early. 2. The security issues for Nike’s sales forecasting and factory order system include automated threats such as worms, viruses etc, and internal sabotage by disgruntled employees and external breach by either hackers or industrial spies. Automated threats are a threat at any time when a system is connected to the Internet; while it is less common now than in the past, viruses may also be transmitted via infected media such as CD-Rom or removable solid-state media. Internal sabotage by disgruntled employees can also be a problem; in order to mitigate this, permissions and access to the system should be handled on a minimum required basis (each employee should be given only the permissions required to perform his or her job, and permissions should be actively managed as employees move from task to task). Outside breaches by hackers or industrial spies is a concern for Nike because they are a high-profile company in a highly competitive business, making them a tempting target for hackers to try to gather lucrative information from their information systems. 3. Currently Nike targets individual groups of consumers with games and information online that is targeted to their special interests, and provides an IM-based game for soccer fans. There are a number of other uses for the World Wide Web that could help Nike communicate with its customers. They could use online surveying techniques and online feedback forums to enhance their market strategies and improve their products and address customer complaints. They could also utilize the Web as a central platform for their marketing strategy, including running specially designed Web sites for high-profile new products, creating customer contests, games and trivia and building a Nike community around their sites. Nike also has opportunities to create product tie-ins based on the Web. Their IM soccer game is a prototype of a way in which games or custom-branded software can keep the Nike brand in front of their customers all the time. Streaming media allows for music and movie tie-ins delivered via the Web. Nike could also use the Web for internal purposes. For example, an employee recruiting web site could increase the number and quality of their job applicants, as well as provide a prescreening facility for the HR organization. Skillful use of the Web also portrays the image of a technologically savvy and forward-looking company, which is vital to its market viability. How to cite Modern management, Essay examples Modern Management Free Essays Corporate Social Responsibility is the duty of the management of the company to ensure that the welfare of the society is brought about along with promoting the development and wellbeing of the company.   It is the duty of the manager to ensure that both the social interests and the organizational interests are maintained and developed (Cresto, 2006).   However, at the moment, the opinion regarding corporate involvement in social responsibilities is differing. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The arguments for and against social responsibility activities by the corporate could be considered. Positive outcomes for the business by performing social responsibility activities:- The good name and the reputation of the company would be promoted as they would perform their duty of maintaining and developing the interests of the society.  As the interests of the society are improved, the social system would improve and this could also be beneficial for the corporate.  The management of the corporate would be more interested in maintaining the interests of the society along with the organization.   Hence, the Human resources that would be a part of the corporate would be of high quality. As the organization would mutually benefit with the society, the ability of the company to grow and survive in that particular society would be higher.   Hence, the corporate could move into identifying and organizing certain long-term plans.   On a long-term basis, the chances of developing sustained profits would be higher if social interests are maintained.  The unemployment rates in the society and the job satisfaction in the company would improve due to the economic growth felt by the corporate presence.  If the consumers are a part of the society, the chances of developing and maintaining relationships with them would be higher.] Negative outcomes for the business by performing social responsibility activities:-  According to Friedman, the chances of the management to indulge in unethical practices are higher so as to make profits that would ensure performance of social responsibilities.They could be a conflict within the management or outside the management for maintaining the goals of the organization or the goals of the society. The corporate would be spending the money of the consumers on maintaining and developing the interests of the society.   This could raise the prices of the goods or services produced by the company.   Consumers may prefer to purchase a product or services from a company that does not have a social benefit policy than a company that does, as the price is more likely to be less. The stakeholders of the corporate and the potential investors may not want to invest in that particular company, as they fear that they would be losing their money on social beneficial activities. The company would be using fewer resources on production (as the financial resources are spending on social interests).   The production would decrease and the chances of having higher amounts of profit would be lowered.   The company’s ability to develop a stronger long-term plan would be less likely. A Multinational corporation (MNC’s) is a company that has its presence felt in more than one nation across the World or does business at the global level.   The term MNC’s was utilized in the 1970’s in the US.   MNC’s usually do not consider national barriers that would restrict business.   Recently, the foreign investment in the US has improved drastically, and the chances of it improving further in the future are realistically high.   The process of a company becoming a multinational occurs in stages. In the first stage, the company merely exports products to foreign nations.   In the second stage, the company develops sales units in the foreign nations.   In the third stage, the company would permit foreign-based companies to make and sell their products and services under the main company’s name.   In the fourth stage, manufacturing units are set up by the company in the foreign nation.   In the fifth step, the management of the company is multi-nationalized in such a way that a corporate decision in the parent company would be affected in the foreign nations.   In the last stage, the ownership of the company is multi-nationalized. Two companies that are US-based MNC’s include General Electric and IBM.   General Electric had sales of $ 129, 853 million in the year 2001 (Listed by Forbes Global).   The portion of foreign sales was about 33 % and the net profits were about $ 12, 735 million.   It has $ 437, 006 million as assets and it market value is about 406, 525 million $.   The enterprise value of the company is about 613, 268 million $.   IBM has sales of about $ 88, 396 million in the year, and its foreign sales is about 58 % of the total sales.   Its net profit of about $ 8, 093 million, and its total assets is about 88, 349 million $.   It has a market value of about 167, 206 million dollars and the enterprise value is about 194, 097 million $ (Cresto, 2006). Two foreign investors MNC’s that have invested in the US include Daimler Chrysler AG (from Germany) which is an automobile company and ING Group (from Netherlands) which offers financial services.   Daimler Chrysler AG had a total revenue of 86, 071 million $ in the year 2001 in the US, and its total assets in the US was more than 82, 000 million $ in the US.   The ING Group had revenue of about 14, 997 million $ in the year 2001 in the US and its net income was about 442 million US $ (Cresto, 2006). References: Cresto, S. C. and Cresto, S. T. (2006). Chapter 3: Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Ethics, Modern Management, (10th ed), New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, pp. 50-76. Cresto, S. C. and Cresto, S. T. (2006). Chapter 2: Modern Management Challenges, Modern Management, (10th ed), New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, pp. 80-102. Cresto, S. C. and Cresto, S. T. (2006). Chapter 2: Modern Management Challenges, Modern Management, (10th ed), New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, pp. 106-111. How to cite Modern Management, Essay examples Modern management Free Essays 1. Organizational resources are the prime variables that ultimately translate into the cumulative compilation of production output. It can be stated that production is the final result that is instrumented by several processes that make up the basic procedure of the production unit. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern management or any similar topic only for you Order Now The term ‘organizational resource’ can be enumerated as a compilation of different aspects that include variables like personnel, motivation, cost of raw materials, supply chain management, knowledge management, material processing and market forecast analysis. All these together ensure the success of the ultimate quality and quantity of the production along with the favorable pricing per unit for the produced output. Thus it could be mentioned that the relation between the organizational resources and the production is inseparable and vital for the health of the industry. For an industry to obtain favorable conditions in the market it is necessary to formulate a strategy that would enable the organization to keep every aspect of the units involved in a well passed manner. The purchase of material would ensure that the value is obtained out of the purchase while the supply chain would ensure that there is no wastage of materials and the materials are presented to the processing unit in proper time. The same principals are true with the processing units too. The efficiency level of the personnel involved along with their motivation level ensures the best possible production out of the initial possesses involved. Thus it could be stated that organizational resources and production relation is vital and inseparable for any organization and the ultimate success of an organization is ensured by this relation. (Lamb, 2004) 2. The aspects of managerial effectiveness and efficiency are interrelated and are highly potent if applied in a well formulated manner. Any industry survives on the potential of the strategy that is taken and implemented by the management of that industry. As a result the prime factor that should be instigated in the organizational operational activities is the proper and smooth transaction of managerial effectiveness and efficiency into an enhanced and even relationship. The relationship between managerial effectiveness and efficiency is vital for an organization because for any industry effective personnel at suitable position are a primal factor for success. A person might be very efficient at formulation and modeling strategy. But the same person might not be an effective administrator. That is way it becomes important to position the best person possible at position where the efficiency could be yielded at maximum. Thus relation between managerial effectiveness and efficiency becomes an object of prime concern for any organization. It can be stated that by the term managerial effectiveness it is understood as the positional utility of a personnel whereas by the term efficiency it is reflected that the potential of the positional utility is utilized in full.   To compile and relate these two important variables it is important to evaluate the human resource structure at its maximum to yield the utmost possible result. The success and failure of an organization largely depends on such a formulation and practical implementation of the human resource department at its highest extent. The managerial effectiveness and efficiency is the keystone of success and the competitive advantage of an organization is dependent on such important organizational factors or variables. (King, 2001) References: King, H; (2001); Management Principals Today; HBT Brooks Ltd Lamb, Davis; (2004); Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; National Book Trust. How to cite Modern management, Essay examples

Fixed Income Analysis Trading and Trading

Question: Analyse that how the USA Government have controlled the Mortgage Backed Securities in the US market? Answer: Executive Summary: This report helps us to analyse that how the USA Government have controlled the Mortgage Backed Securities in the US market. It also helps us to see that the Mortgage Backed Securities has more advantageous than the Fixed income trading. This research shows that US Government took the steps to prevent the Mortgage Backed Securities. It also shows that how the US Government uses Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae to control the Mortgage Backed Securities. Introduction: Fixed income is source of income from the investment in which the seller or the buyer is bound to pay or earn money of a set sum of money on a fixed schedule. The fixed income did not rise or fall like the dividend paid by the company or the fixed income does not change due to the rise or fall in inflation rate or the interest rate of the country. The fixed income market research obeys the Bloomberg Market. In the year 1992, a magazine was released in the market of United States Of America as Bloomberg magazine. This magazine was released for the users of United States who gambles in the financial market. Fixed income market is bigger than the equity market. This fixed income market is usually played by the organisational investors. The United States mortgage market in the residential purpose has gone through many commotions during the year 2007 to 2008. The US banks are giving loans to the people by mortgaging the houses with the banks and lending the loans to the people behalf of mortgaging the houses. The banks sell the houses to get liquidity with them. But the economic conditions are so disgrace that the no one in the US wants to buy the houses at a very high cost. This creates the bank to face a lot of trouble. This is because the banks do not have money with them. They converted the money into the assets. This creates an economic problem in United States Of America. In the capital market, there is various investment strategies which are available in the United States market are being developed by the financial professionals. This capital market allows the traders to invest in many field like equity, debt, forward, option, future and also in bonds. Literature Review: From the year 2008 financial disorder, several numbers of developments has been restructured like many regulations reformed, developing the United States market structure and also introduced some technological improvement in the market capital. Plenty of Mortgaged Based securities are there in the market of United States (McLean and Nocera, 2010). Mortgaged Backed Securities are based on the loan. In the beginning, the banks of the US or the company who use to give the home loans in the US market uses the home loans then the firm or the US based bank sells the same home loans to the investment bank of the United States, or the agencies for example Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae which are controlled by the United States Government. The Mortgage Based Securities is mainly sold by the Government agencies in United States (McLean and Nocera,2010). This schemes is attracts the traders because of the money back guarantee from the Federal Government. As the Government of United States involves in the matter, the traders also relies on the mortgaged backed securities. This is because the traders know that they will receive a lump sum amount of money back by the Government agencies of Mortgaged Backed Securities. Different types of mortgage based securities With the help of types of Mortgage based securities helps the company to get in depth studying of the model of Mortgaged Backed Securities market in the United States of America. Mortgage Loan. Mortgage Pass Through CMO / REMIC. Mortgaged Backed Securities Portfolio. One of the most difficult model is Mortgaged Based Securities. In this MBS market the holder of the mortgage gets the shares from the principal amount to the interest amount. Mortgage Based Securities are launched in the market by the United States Government to bring revolt in the department of house loan and the US mortgage trade. This MBS market helps the people of the United States to buy the homes in the United States (McLean and Nocera, 2010). During the year 2000 to 2005, the real estate was running their business in the booming condition. That period most of the banks and the mortgages companies has made a lot of profit in the market. But in the year 2007 to 2008, the condition of MBS market went down. The banks of the United States do not have enough liquidity with them. For the volatility of the MBS market condition in the United States, the Government launched three agencies in the market like Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac. The mortgage backed securities in the home loan purpose are divided in to the two parts: Sanctioned by the institutional agencies. Sanctioned by the private agencies. We should focus on the United States of America mortgage sector (McLean and Nocera, 2010). This is because it plays a very valuable role in the capital market due to its size occupying in the U.S. capital market (Goldmann, 2010). The fixed income is a market which lies in the edge of rushing into a fundamental industrial change with the rigid drivers throwing the old structure of the market and modernising the structure of the market. Rules are indicating the banks to decrease the money (Goldmann, 2010). Mortgage Backed Securities is a very important part of the capital market. This mortgage rate defines the rate at which the home owner pays the rate of the interest. Mortgage Backed Securities Valuation is the valuation of a security that can be expressed in the terms of NPV (net present value). The discounting factor is obtainable from the market (Fabozzi and Modigliani, 1992). The time is mentioned by the mortgage company that for the time period a person is taking the mortgage from the market. Ginnie Mae: Ginnie Mae was the first company that has introduced the MBS in 1968 by the US government national Associations. Ginnie Mae is one of the governmental organisation that issued the MBS back by the credit of US government (Ambrose and Sanders, 2008). Ginnie Mae is ben guaranteed payment of the principal amount along with principal has been one of the pillar of the constructs irrespective of the default in mortgage payments by the borrower (Lugo, 2014). Fannie Mae: It another major company who issues the MBS and are very much has ethical responsibility of the US government to rate the credit value of the mortgage. The FNMA (Federal National Mortgage association) is very much work on the basis of the treasury regulation of the money market guarded the federal bank of America (Antinolfi and Brunetti, 2010). Freddie Mac: It is stockholder owned government sponsored corporation that has been formed in order to enhance the mortgage credit and give quick liquidity. It is owned by the federal home loan Mortgage associations and has line of credit with the government of America (Cantor and Hu, 2009). Application/ Discussion: The three instruments of lending the mortgages is Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, Ginnie Mae. Freddie Mac mainly enhances the mortgage credit and quickly converts the mortgages into the liquidity assets (Wiedemer et al. 2014). The owner of the Freddie Mac is the federal home loan mortgage association. Fannie Mae is a company who is the leading point of giving liquidity for the residential purpose. Ginnie Mae is also known as the government national mortgage association (Stone and Zissu, 2005). The owner of the Ginnie Mae is federal corporation within the United States. It was launches in the year 1968. The main functions of the Ginnie Mae is to attract new point of getting money in the purpose of hose mortgage purpose (Schofield and Bowler). Effects On The MBS Market The mortgage backed securities have a very volatility in the year 2007 to 2012 (Amerman, 2010). After the year 2012 the mortgage backed securities recovered from high volatility to low volatility by the United States banks. The market backed securities have backed by most bonds. The market where the traders get into the short position and the traders gets into the long position. A very large number of mortgages are sold in very less amount of money due to lack of liquidity with the banks (Stone and Zissu, 2005). This makes banks sell all the residents taken in mortgages at a very cheaper rate due to lack of liquidity with the bank (Tuckman and Serrat, 2012). The three aspects for giving the price discount on the mortgages residents are: The difference in price by giving the loan to the people who are keeping their houses as mortgages and selling the mortgages to the people for the less liquidity with the bank (Amerman, 2010).. This lack of liquidity forces the bank to give discount in the TBA market. The discount of price shows a higher risk of repayment (Amerman, 2010). This are affects which affects the Mortgage Backed Securities the most. Description of Bloomberg in bond index Base Currency USD Yield to Maturity 2.36 % Yield to Worst 2.16 % Spread (OAS) 21.96 Average Life 5.22 Number of Issues 473 Bloomberg index reflects that the value of the markets rate of return of maturity is 2.36% according to the combined rating of Ginnie Mae, Freddie Mae and Fannie Mae (Wiedemer et al. 2014). The rating reflects that United States was very fragile in the financial year 2008. The average life of the US MBS is almost 5.22 years as shown in the chart (Tuckman and Serrat, 2012). Yield to maturity means the rate of return is by 2.36%. If the market condition is in very worst condition the rate of return will be 2.36 %. We have seen that the condition of the market when the market is at better condition is 2.36 % and when the market condition is worst still the market have rate of return is 2.36 % (Stone and Zissu, 2005). This shows that the market is at recession period. The Federal Reserve reported that the deterioration is seen in the market of mortgage backed securities and the Fed is almost buying $ 40 billion in bonds. The dealers almost of 20 % are responded the market in Mortgage backed securities had reduced in the US market (Amerman, 2010). Mortgage back securities performance in compare top world during 2008 crisis is given below: Looses faced by the companies during 2008 in terms of MBS Amount $, Bn Lehman brothers -18.1 Merrill Lynch -8.6 Barclays -2.3 Wachovia bank -8.4 JP Morgan chase -1.3 Bank of America -4.4 Citi Group -9.83 During 2008, crisis as per the Bloomberg report, Merrill Lynch reportedly has been confirmed the net loss worth of more than $ 8.6 billion that broke the stock market down. Then there is collapse of the one of the strongest housing mortgage company Lehman brothers who have collapsed due to increase in the default in payments and price of real estate is being lowering done which lead to global catastrophe (Zhou, 2010). As per the bloom index USD MBS is been going through rough phase that point of time. During that period of time, MBS has been able to garnered controversy which tends to lend the subprime crisis. MBS is been one of the part of the subprime lending that start rooting the housing bubble bursts (Goldmann, 2010). Since then the government of treasury has changed the US MBS bond norms and brought more transparency and more of clear concept rather the complex structure which turns into the nightmare for the US and rest of the world. Name Values Change Effective yield US treasury Bond index 121.60% -0.91 1.58% US agency Bond Index 116.8% -0.44 1.45% US corporate Bond index 137.50% -1.10 3.11% US MBS bond Index 123.47% -0.45 2.36% Fund rate 0.9 Prime rate 3.25 Graph 1: MBS bond in compare to other bonds (Source: www.bloomberg.com) From the graph we can say that the Bloomberg with an analysis on the bonds and MBS are developing slowly in the US market (Wiedemer et al. 2014). The bonds which are given by the corporate have very high rate of return. But the large market shows a very healthy rate of return. So, now we can see that the market is developing vigorously in the capital market. MBS has many benefits. One of the essential importance of MBS has very high quality (Wiedemer et al. 2014). According to the Ginnie Mc and Freddie Mac, the most advantageous of using MBS market is this market has very high class debt (Tuckman and Serrat, 2012). The owner of this instrument is United States Of Government and this instruments are controlled by the United States Government itself. Mortgage Based Securities market is a very low risk market if we measure up to the equity or any other types of securities (Stone and Zissu, 2005). This market also gives profitable income. This is because MBS is controlled by the United States Government. And the payment is based on monthly wages. Income is monthly based: MBS have many benefits in the market. And one of the essential benefits is the return gets by the trader is monthly based whereas, the fixed income trading investors gets the rate of return after a long period of time (Stone and Zissu, 2005). This provides the investor to play in a very low risk. But the investors in the fixed income trading plays in a very high risk. The MBS can be treated as a source of monthly income whereas the fixed income trading does not have this advantage. Once you have invested in the fixed income trading the return the investors will get after a very long time period. Bloombergs also shows that the mortgage backed securities is taxable (Goldmann, 2010). Conclusion: Fixed income trading is almost same as the mortgage backed securities (MBS). The fixed income trading gives the trader for the long term investment. Whereas the Mortgage Backed Securities have short term securities. The rate of return in the MBS is low whereas the rate of return of fixed income trading is very high. The risk in MBS is very low whereas the risk in the fixed income trading is very high. The risk factor of the MBS is very low whereas the risk factor of the Fixed income trading is very high. The lack of transparency causes the MBS market very complex. In Mortgage backed securities, the returns or the values cannot be measured. From the above research we understood that Mortgage Backed Securities is very valuable market for investment by the investors which is controlled by the United States Government agency. Three key agencies who serves the investor to get a good return from MBS market is Ginnie Mae, Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. The owner of the three agencies Ginnie Ma e, Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae in the MBS market is United States Government. And the three agencies are also controlled by the United States Government. References: www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-07-08/fed-says-a-few-dealers-report-deterioration-in-mbs-market [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Goldmann, P. (2010). Fraud in the markets. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Green, R. (2013). Introduction to Mortgages Mortgage Backed Securities. Burlington: Elsevier Science. Wiedemer, R., Wiedemer, D. and Spitzer, C. (2014). Aftershock. Hoboken: Wiley. Amerman, D. (1993). Mortgage securities. Chicago, Ill.: Probus Pub. Co. Arditti, F. (1996). Derivatives. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Stone, C. and Zissu, A. (2005). The securitization markets handbook. Princeton, NJ: Bloomberg Press. Amerman, D. (1993). Mortgage securities. Chicago, Ill.: Probus Pub. Co. Arditti, F. (1996). Derivatives. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Fabozzi, F. and Modigliani, F. (1992). Mortgage and mortgage-backed securities markets. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. McLean, B. and Nocera, J. (2010). All the devils are here. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. Stone, C. and Zissu, A. (2005). The securitization markets handbook. Princeton, NJ: Bloomberg Press. Batten, J., Fetherston, T. and Szilagyi, P. (2006). Japanese fixed income markets. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Colin, A. (2005). Fixed income attribution. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Jegadeesh, N. and Tuckman, B. (2000). Advanced fixed income valuation tools. New York: Wiley. Jha, S. (2011). Interest Rate Markets + Web site. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Schofield, N. and Bowler, T. (2011). Trading the fixed income, inflation and credit markets. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. Tuckman, B. and Serrat, A. (2012). Fixed income securities. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Amerman, D. (1993). Mortgage securities. Chicago, Ill.: Probus Pub. Co. Stone, C. and Zissu, A. (2005). The securitization markets handbook. Princeton, NJ: Bloomberg Press.